Along with the acceleration of constructing first-class universities or disciplines, growing emphasis are placed to research output of teachers, and the “paper-oriented” evaluation system has become dominant in a great number of universities, which guides teachers' efforts more on research than on teaching. How to keep an equal emphasis on teaching and research in universities has aroused widespread concern in the academic circles. The institutional theory provides a starting point for researching and understanding from the perspective of organizational environment. After analyzing the basic functions of university under the institutional theory, the author finds that: first, the teaching function of universities meets the legitimacy requirements of the institutional environment, matches with the concerns of the government, society, parents and students, and is necessary to level up the talent cultivation. The research function is the product of pursuing efficiency standard in the technological environment. The research and knowledge innovation carried out by universities accelerates regional economic development, and the papers (books or textbooks) published by teachers are easy to quantify in the educational evaluation system, which can be seen as university's choice to comply with the principles of technological environment. Secondly, university organizations prioritizing research are facing the imbalance between teaching and research, which originated from the pressure of ranking from outside as well as that of research competition within the organization. The administrators and academics in universities have strong heterogeneity in the attitudes to research and publication, various policies and incentives to maximize performance are made to mobilize the teachers' potential motivation in research, and the incentive mode is especially effective for young teachers. As for competition within the organization, research evaluation is not only the need of universities to realize legitimacy, but also the need of competitive mechanism for establishing secondary colleges. Third, under the guidance of Pareto's improvement method, we should establish the rules of organizational representation, resource redistribution, teaching authority, and the ideal state of equal emphasis on teaching and research. Universities should make full use of the accumulated research resources, promote the transformation of research achievements to serve teaching, narrow the gap between teaching and research to an acceptable level, and respect the inner inherent differences between teaching and research output as well as their operation rules.

In his Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters,Qian Zhongshu provides an interpretation of the concept of “Five Modes” in Du Yu's “Preface to The Commentary of Zuo”.The “Five Modes” as summarized by Du Yu refer to five modes of narration:namely,(1)subtle yet emphatic,(2)indicative yet implicit,(3)euphemistic and properly written,(4)exhaustive and not distorted,and (5)chastising evil and encouraging goodness.Qian Zhongshu's explanation of “jin er bu wu” sets out to correct Du Yu's annotation,but he misinterprets the character “wu” as “exaggeration” based on partial evidence.His understanding of logical connections among the Five Modes of historical writing is insufficient.More significantly,Qian assumes that “jin er bu wu” is the Chinese equivalent of English expression “the whole truth,and nothing but the truth”,claiming that the “Five Models (wu li)” actually set the standards for later historiography instead of taking The Spring and Autumn Annals as its model.This assumption indicates a failure to understand the differences between traditional Chinese Confucian and certain modern Western European and Anglophone traditions of history—as the former tends to merge history with moral doctrines,and the latter is founded on empirical fact—illustrating a tendency to overlook the genealogies of thought undergirding specific ideas.We may learn from Qian Zhongshu's explanations on the “wu qing” the three following lessons:1)Overstating a small issue to showcase one's erudition may generate false “problems”;2)Reading extensively but not intensively easily leads to ungrounded arguments as well as inaccurate quotations;3)Drawing connections between Chinese and Western European ideas should be based on meticulous research rather than primarily expressing one's own free-ranging imagination.

In contemporary Japan,the meaning of Chinese word “Zhonghua”(中華)is very different from the one in China.This difference occurred in the early modern Japan.Before,the Japanese intellectuals prided Japan on “Zhonghua” and had deep admiration and recognition for Chinese culture.However,during the early modern period,the Japanese intellectuals enthusiastically elevated the subjectivity of Japanese culture,and continuously reversed the recognition and praise of “Zhonghua” towards alienation and derogation.But achieving this required a process.Yamaga Soko(山鹿素行),the Sorai School(徂徕学派)and the holders of “sages’own ideas”theory(“私意论”者)couldn't deconstruct the Chinese cultural centralism.Meanwhile,the scholars of Kokugaku(国学者)and the scholars of Western(Dutch)learning(兰学者)built the opposition system to Chinese culture by utilizing the Japanese Shinto and Western knowledge,and reinterpreted the meaning of the word “Zhonghua” as Chinese arrogance.With the prevailing of the Shinkoku thought(神国思想)and the Western learning,this definition has become a common concept in Japanese context.So far,the intellectuals finally disassociated themselves from “Zhonghua” and eventually alienated it into a special reference to China as the others.Through the alienation of “Zhonghua”,we can not only see how the consciousness of the subjectivity of Japanese culture rose in the early modern era,but also how the modern Japanese national spirit expanded and eventually led to the historical changes in international relations in East Asia.

By investigating professional conduct codes for teachers in ten representative countries in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, this paper finds that the codes are mainly constituted by commissions, principles and rules, mainly involving in teachers’ commitments to students, parents, colleagues, and employers. This paper also reveals that most of the codes are defined in specific terms, and may serve as a feasible guidance for implementation and that learning-by-doing method is commonly adopted in cultivating teachers’ professional ethics. However, the codes of different countries vary in terms of the makers and functional orientations. Based on the comparative analysis, it is suggested that China’s professional conduct code training for teachers should take society as orientation and emphasize the baseline of professional conducts and that the training should be implemented through the whole professional career of teachers in a diversified and practical way.

When the Roman plebs claimed for the consulship for the first time in 445 B.C.,the patrician senate rejected the proposal on the ground that “the plebs did not have auspicia”(nemo plebeius auspicia haberet).That was an archaic and important ideological evidence,which revealed the nature of Roman theocracy,that auspicia was crucial to the destiny of the state,and it was also the basis of the aristocracy's power monopoly.Whoever obtained the auspicia would obtain the right to govern.The connotation of auspicia developed from its original meaning,the “bird divination”,to “the right of taking auspices”,which was closely integrated with the ruling power,and thus transferred from the religious context to the political sphere.As it basically meant “a god's will”,this reminds us of the “Tian Ming”(天命)in China's political tradition.The idea of Tian Ming formed in the Yin and Shang Dynasty (1600 B.C.to 1100 B.C.),and the sacred kingship in China's political tradition are very similar to that of the theocratic political environment of ancient Rome.Thus the dispute on auspicia between the Roman plebs and the patrician can be translated as that of a “Tian Ming” dispute.According to Livy (Titus Livius),there were three controversies between the plebs and the patrician on auspicia,which took place in 445 B.C.,367 B.C.,and 300 B.C.After the first two controversies,the plebs successively obtained the right to intermarriage with the patrician and access to the consulship;however,the first group of plebeian magistrates were defective in power,because of lacking of auspicia (ne in magistratibus quidem habent).They had only military commanding right (potestates) yet not governing right (imperium),and they could not hold religious rites or ceremonies such as election,declaration of war,convening of citizen assemblies,and purification rite.They were rarely allowed to hold a triumphant ceremony,and were often forced to resign on an excuse of religious defects.The fundamental obstacle to obtain the auspicia was religious isolation.The plebs had their own religion (regliones plebeii) as well as Tian Ming (auspicia plebeii),which were not be recognized by the patrician.Auspicia was actually related the worship for Jupiter,divination and wedding ceremony.Jupiter was originally seen as the god only blessing the patrician and was unavailable to the plebs to worship,but the plebs had long imitated the aristocratic worship for Jupiter.By intermarriage with the nobles,the descendants of the plebs became the descendants of Jupiter and possessed “god's bless”;above all,the plebeian priests,diviners,and prophets gradually entered the public sphere and gradually gained religious identification from the patrician.Thus the Tian Ming or auspicia was transferred from the hands of the patrician to the plebs.

Labor competency is not only the specific requirement of the party's all-round education policy in the new era, but also the critical component in the system of students' key competency. To clarify the scientific connotation and structure of labor competency is the primary issue to effectively promote the cultivation of it. Based on the practical requirements of labor education in China, through the analysis and comparison of relevant researches at home and abroad in terms of key competency, labor competency is considered to be the comprehensive performance of values, essential character and crucial ability which students gradually form during long-term labor education and practice in accordance with the needs of personal lifelong development and social development. It is characterized by nurturing, dynamic, and embodiment. The structural dimensions and main indicators of students' labor competency contain three indispensable and interrelated components: labor concept, labor ability, labor habit and character. In order to construct the training system of students' labor competency in primary schools, secondary schools and colleges in China, we should not only accurately grasp the connotation of labor competency in the new era in light of key competency, but also determine systematically the performance level of students' labor competency development on this basis, and measure its training effect by establishing and improving the monitoring and evaluation mechanism.

The mutual compliance between nature and human has long been discussed in western countries and China,so it is impropriate to regard it as a unique concept in China.YU Yingshi(YU Yingshih)'s thought on the inward mutual compliance from the perspective of cultural breakthrough in the Axial Age is questionable.Therefore,we should make an intensive and comprehensive study,if we tend to analyze the concept of ‘mutual compliance between nature and human’ in early periods of ancient China.ZHANG Dainian pointed out that the concept has two aspects of meanings:the connection and the similarity.Reviewing the recently unearthed texts on bamboo slips,wooden slips,and silk manuscripts as well as existent literature,we find that ZHANG's viewpoint also needs supplementation.The connection between nature and human and their similarity are both based on the interaction between nature and human.Combining the cosmology theory and human affairs,Confucians widely accepted the concept that the fortune and misfortune omens are caused by the interaction.One trend in understanding this concept is that wise men can assist nature to operate properly,as mentioned in Zhong Yong(The Doctrine of the Mean)by ZI si,the other is that the human ethics is regarded as the law of nature,both of which have earlier ideology sources and different methods of cultivation.The philosophers of various schools from pre-Qin Period to the early Han Dynasty discussed the mutual compliance between nature and human.The word ‘he’(comply)was understood in different ways,such as the nature complying with the wise men and noblemen,or the human ethics complying with law of nature,or to say,nature never complying with human,even not with the wise men.XUN Zi advocated the difference between the human ethics and law of nature,but agreed that nature complies with human.

According to the report of the 20^th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,education is the basic and strategic support for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country in the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating our country through science and education.We should give priority to the development of education,speed up the construction of a powerful country in education,and do a good job in education that satisfies the people.The construction of an education power is the core goal and basic direction of our education reform and development.China always insists on prioritizing the education development and the education has entered the level of comprehensive popularization development.Our country gives a prioritized place to the construction of teachers,taking it into a comprehensive quality improvement stage.We always pay special attention to the education equity,bringing public education services into an equalization stage.We promote the reform of the system for running schools,and basically form a pattern of running schools by both public and private sectors.The Chinese education has entered the middle and upper level of world education development and people's sense of education attainment has been strengthened gradually.As a result,the construction of an education power has had a solid foundation.Evolving to the situation and the times,China's education reform has formed the basic principle of building a powerful country in China.In terms of system,we uphold the Party's overall leadership over education and serve the needs of the country and the people.In terms of direction,guided by ideological and political education,we insist on educating talented people for the Party and the country.In terms of standpoint,we adhere to the principle of taking people as the center and taking the people's demand as the driving force of education reform.In terms of value,we promote the balanced development of high-quality education and build a system of both fairness and excellence.In terms of methods,the comprehensive reform of education is taken as the starting point to construct the system of legal guarantee of education.We promote the modernization of Chinese education,build a high-quality education system,and move from a big country to a powerful country in education.We must adhere to the Party's overall leadership in education,adhere to the strategy of giving priority to the development of education,take people's satisfaction as the orientation of education,comprehensively strengthen the ideological and political education,and deepen the comprehensive reform in the field of education.

Etiquette custom serves as an important perspective to study Chinese history and culture. This thesis focuses on the books and statements on etiquette custom by CHEN Guofu, a famous Guomingdang politician during theNational Government period of the Republic of China as a case study of the etiquette custom in modern China. As a loyal member to his political party, CHEN's reform was mianly for governing by utilizing etiquette in reforming social education and ideology formation and joining in the New Life Movement and the Confucianized ideology of Three People's Principles in daily politics. On the other hand, due to his education background, political career and cultural belief in “westernized Chinese style” (zhong ti xi yong), CHEN's reform was pretty down-to-earth in his approval for folk belief and customs rather than criticism, and his empathy with the irrational spiritual demands of folk people. CHEN's attempt to explore the political and cultural power distinguished his reform from enlightening methods of other intellectuals, and meanwhile his firm support for folk population made him outstanding from mainstream political propaganda. As far as the effect is concerned, CHEN's reform plan was inevitably marginalized due to the lack of practicability during the period of nationality reconstruction emphasizing social consolidation and political mobilization.

The marquises,the princesses,the generals,the prime ministers and other important figures in the Western Han Dynasty,have residences given and created by the state,which were high-grade residences in Chang’an,the capital of the Western Han Dynasty.The kings,who usually resided at the palace of their own kingdom,would stay in their residences in the capital when to meet with the emperor or to attend other important state events in Chang’an.In Empress Lu's later years,there were more than a hundred of residences,which were offered to the marquises,and kings,who were heroes during the reign of Emperor Gaozu of Han.These residences,built and owned by the state,were offered for temporary residence,but the ownership belonged to thecentral administration.The marquises or kings might rebuild and extend the residences,but when they or their successors lost the title/honor,the state would withdraw the residences and give the residences to others.These residences were not the commodities for trading.The residence was symbol of its resident's social identity and status,in that only the one who has both high political status and high social status could live in the residence in Chang'an,given by the court as an honor.

Generally beneficial kindergartens play a major role in the construction of pre-school education public service system.The development of generally beneficial kindergartens in China has made outstanding contributions to the realization of double goals of pre-school education and to the improvement of the downsides of generally beneficial resources.At the same time,the development of generally beneficial kindergartens is still facing the following problems such as prominent structural contradiction of resources,the coexistence of “shortage” and “surplus” phenomenon,the unbalanced financial investment,the need to optimize the investment benefit of generally beneficial kindergartens,obvious differences in the system of running kindergartens and uneven distribution of the quality of generally beneficial kindergartens.To improve the quality and efficiency of generally beneficial kindergartens under the background of high-quality development,we should adhere to the principle of quality and benefit going first,promote the structural reform,efficiency reform,dynamic reform and quality reform of generally beneficial kindergartens,and promote the high-quality and sustainable development of generally beneficial kindergartens.

The “double reduction” policy aims to further reduce the excessive homework burden and after-school training burden of primary and secondary school students.Meanwhile,the introduction of “double reduction” has brought new opportunities to teacher professional development,helping enrich teachers' professional knowledge,and enhancing their professional ability as well as their professional beliefs.However,the “double reduction” policy has also brought new problems to the professional development of teachers.Teachers' professional ideals and beliefs need to be strengthened,the mechanisms of teacher incentive and management need to be improved,and the laws of teacher professional development need to be explored.As for the aspect of teachers' psychology,we should stimulate teachers' intrinsic motivation and improve the autonomy of their professional development.As to the aspect of school management,the management incentive should be strengthened and the autonomy in their professional development should be given to teachers.When it comes to the aspect of education policy,its guiding role should be optimized and the institutional guarantee should be perfected for teacher professional development.As far as theoretical research is concerned,scientific research should be reinforced and the theoretical guidance of teacher professional development should be promoted.

As an important achievement of institutional innovation,the policy of innovative pilot cities can promote urban green innovation by optimizing the industrial structure,encouraging government and corporate investment,accelerating financial development,and attracting outstanding talents.It can increase the city's green invention patents and green utility model patents,and it has the greatest positive effect on alternative energy and energy conservation patents in the IPC Green Inventory.We also find that the pilot city policy has more obvious incentives for green innovation in cities with higher degree of opening up,lower degree of industrial agglomeration and greater level of environmental regulation.From the perspective of spatial dimension,both the pilot city policy and green innovation have a significant effect of spatial spillover.The spillover effect of the pilot city policy shows a declining trend with increasing distance.In order to further encourage urban innovation practices with the objective of green and low carbon,we should start with accelerating the summary and promotion of pilot experience,adopting differentiated strategies based on local conditions,emphasizing green innovation incentives on the output side,and strengthening regional green innovation cooperation,so as to better realize the effective coordination and deep integration of urban “innovation” and “green”.

The Job Demands-Resources Model is a theoretical model to explore the effect of job characteristics on burnout and work engagement. With the accumulation of empirical research, this model is being constantly refined and developed. First, subdivide the job characteristics variables, differentiate the job demands into the challenge demands and the hindrance demands, and discuss their effects on outcome variables, while future research may try to subdivide job resources. Second, introduce individual characteristics such as personal resources (including optimistic, self-efficacy and organization-based self-esteem), resilience, psychological capital and professional competency, and we can try to supplement other types of personal resources, and also increase personal demands, motivation, values and other individual factors to enrich the existing variables in the future. Third, we can expand the internal and external variables of the organization, such as job crafting, organizational factors and family factors to expand the model structure. Fourth, we can improve the research methods, from cross-sectional research to two-point longitudinal study, and then to multi-point long-range longitudinal study to explore the evolution of the internal mechanism of the model over time.

Improving the ability to deal with major emergencies is an important part of promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. The formation of social public opinion in major emergencies is the result of the interaction and influence of the public,media,government and social environment. In the convergence media environment,the social public opinion of major emergencies increasingly shows the characteristics of “systematic risk”. The “contact points” of public opinion risk increase,the whole platform diffusion and evolution become more complex. The interaction between different social subsystems can easily lead to the amplification and spread of public opinion risk,resulting in public dishonesty,social disorder and governance failure. In the convergence media environment,the governance of systemic risk of social public opinion of major emergencies needs a holistic strategy,forming the whole process of public opinion guidance before,during and after the event,and seeking breakthroughs in nine aspects,including monitoring and early warning,risk assessment,classified disposal,information release,targeted supply,strong guidance,social communication,accurate control and image restoration.

The development of Chinese vocabulary has gone through four stages:the stage of monosemic words,the stage of polysemous words,the stage of derivational words and the stage of disyllabic words.From monosemic words to polysemous words,there are three main ways of evolution:word meaning segregation,word meaning transplantation and word meaning extension.The word meaning segregation refers to the division of one meaning into two in the process of words meaning evolution.The word meaning transplantation is described as transplanting new meanings into old words based on common characteristics or mutual association.The word meaning extension means that words extend new meanings under the influence of collocation words during their usage.The way of development from polysemous words to derivational words is mainly based on phonetic derivation and glyph derivation.The phonetic derivation just means the fact that the original words derive new words through changing some syllabic phonemes of the original words.Glyph derivation could be divided into two categories:inheritance relation in glyph and no inheritance relation in glyph.

According to the social cognitive theory of social class and relevant research,people of low social class tend to be more prosocial than their upper class counterparts,while the resource and cost theory of prosocial behavior supports that people of high social class are of higher capability and possibility to engage in prosocial behavior.As empiricalstudies increased,researchers began to realize that the relationship between social class and prosocial behavior can be better understood from the perspectivethat various factors jointly influence people's behavior,including micro variables of individual level (such as personality factors),meso variables of situational level (such as the specific social interaction situation),macro variables of social and cultural level (such as social structure and cultural factors). Recent studies reveal that the relationship between social class and prosocial behavior is influenced by thereciprocity belief, the publicity of prosocial contextand relative deprivation on the micro individual level,and altruism level of partner,charity appealing type andthe publicity context on the meso situational level,and income inequality and cultural on the macro social level. Future research should explore how prosocial context,social and cultural factors interact with an individual's social class to influence prosocial behavior,as well as investigatethe effect of recipient's social class in eliciting people's prosocial behavior, and the effect of actor's social class in people's paying the prosociality torward.

China's economy has entered a stage of high-quality development. Examining the effects of family socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement is beneficial for identifying the imbalanced and inadequate development in the field of basic education and providing empirical evidences for education policymaking on disadvantaged students and urban-rural education balance. Based on PISA2018 China sample data, family SES is significantly correlated with juvenile students' reading performance, and this correlation is the greatest among low SES students; compared with the SES at the individual level, the effects of school average SES on reading performance is obviously greater; among indicators of SES, father's occupational status and education level, as well as mother's occupational status make major contribution to reading performance. In the future, the government should further promote education equity, especially the targeted assistance for disadvantaged young students, and also strengthen the vocational education and training for their parents. In addition, it is advisable to improve the enrollment policy of primary and secondary schools, optimizing the structure of school students, so that disadvantaged students can have the opportunity to study in schools with higher average school SES.

Origin of Chinese Characters written by Xu Shen is not only the originator of Chinese character studies, but also the model of Chinese character teaching and small seal script calligraphy. It has a very extensive and far-reaching influence on later generations since its publication. Because of its importance, numerous editions have been spread. As for the Daxu version of Origin of Chinese Characters, E Le-bu version, SUN Xingyan version, CHEN Changzhi version, Guang Xu version are the four most popular ones since the Qing Dynasty. Given that the original is lost and there are many differences among the existing versions whose corrections and qualities vary a lot, it is of great practical significance for academic research and application to collate, discriminate and analyze glyphs from the perspective of philology. This paper, based on the modern information technology and “Chinese character database”, makes exhaustive collation and textual analysis of the four versions above, and points out that there are mainly two types of difference: wrong glyphs and diverse forms of a character. Reasons for these differences include political avoidance, copying and imprinting, and the deviation of personal understanding of small seal script and so on. This research is an effective attempt to study traditional subjects through the digital system, which has accumulated experience and laid a foundation for the collation and research of whole Chinese characters based on the “Chinese character database”.