哪些人更有可能成为志愿者？——基于时间分配视角的实证分析

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 当前,我国社会老龄化趋势日益明显,人口红利快速消失。提高志愿服务的居民参与率,可有效补充市场劳动力短缺,促进经济社会健康、可持续发展。时间是志愿服务的最重要投入资源,但时间如何影响参与率,已有研究并未形成一致结论。研究基于Becker的时间分配理论,并根据志愿服务的性质特点,将居民时间划分为三类:工作时间、生活时间和自由时间。利用CGPiS2016北京市入户调查数据,具体研究不同类型时间对居民参与志愿服务概率的影响。通过构建logit二值选择模型,在控制其他常规变量的前提下,得出如下结论:1.工作时间对参与概率的影响为负,但不显著;2.生活时间的影响为负且显著,若每周增加1小时,参与可能性会减少0.7%;自由时间的影响为正且显著,若每周增加1小时,参与可能性会增加0.7%。同时,“接受过志愿服务”及“家人中有志愿者”两个因素,均对居民的参与概率产生稳定的积极影响,表明志愿服务有着显著的正外部性。上述结论意味着:我国要提高志愿服务的居民参与率,就应该减轻居民的工作和生活压力,发挥工作单位的组织动员作用,扩大志愿服务惠及居民的范围。

关键词: 志愿者, 志愿服务, 时间分配, 参与概率

Abstract: This research is designed to explore who are more likely to be volunteers through a study of the participants' time allocation. The participants' time is generally divided into three parts based on the nature of the volunteering service: working hour, family hours and free hours, and the time dedicated to volunteering service is categorized into the third one. The influence of time allocation on the potential volunteers' participation in volunteering service was studied on logit models with the data of China Genuine Progress Indicator Survey (CGPiS) (Beijing, 2016). The results demonstrated that working hours had a negative but insignificant influence, while the impact of family hours was negative and significant, and the effect of free hours was both positive and significant. The levels of these significant influences were also explored. The probability of the participants' taking part in volunteering service would decrease 0.7% if family hours increased 1 hour per week, but the probability would increase 0.7% if free hours increased 1 hour per week. In addition, the participants would be more likely to be volunteers if they did volunteering service before or if their family members are currently doing volunteering service.

Key words: volunteer, volunteering service, time allocation, participation probability

中图分类号:

F064.1

关成华,张佑辉,方航. 哪些人更有可能成为志愿者？——基于时间分配视角的实证分析[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2018, 0(2): 127-137.

GUAN Cheng-hua, ZHANG You-hui,FANG Hang. Who Is More Likely to Be a Volunteer? —An Empirical Analysis from Time Allocation[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences), 2018, 0(2): 127-137.

参考文献

[1] 陈茗、林志婉,2003:《老年志愿者活动的理论思考和实证分析》,《人口学刊》第4期。
[2] 丁志宏,2012:《城市退休老人志愿服务参与现状及影响因素研究》,《兰州学刊》第11期。
[3] 黄伟才,2011:《惠州市民志愿服务行为探究》,《广东社会科学》第2期。
[4] 夏佳琦,2017:《上海市中小学教师志愿服务参与意愿及其影响因素研究》,华东理工大学硕士学位论文。
[5] Becker, G. S., 1960, An Economic Analysis of Fertility, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
[6] Becker, G. S., 1965,“A Theory of the Allocation of Time”, The Economic Journal, 75(9): 493－517.
[7] Burgham, M. and P. Downward, 2005, “Why Volunteer, Time to Volunteer? A Case Study from Swimming”, Managing Leisure, 10(2): 79－93.
[8] Busser, J. A. and C. P. Carruthers, 2010,“Youth Sport Volunteer Coach Motivation”, Managing Leisure, 15(1-2): 128－139.
[9] Carlin, P. S., 2001,“Evidence on the Volunteer Labor Supply of Married Women”, Southern Economic Journal, 67(4): 801－824.
[10] Cawley, J., 2004, “An Economic Framework for Understanding Physical Activity and Eating Behaviors”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(3): 117－125.
[11] Clain, S. H. and C. Zech, 2008, “Determinants of the Allocation of Volunteer Time: Church-Related versus Other Non-market Activities”, International Atlantic Economic Society, 36(7): 455－467.
[12] Cutler, S. J. and J. Hendricks, 2000,“Age Differences in Voluntary Association Memberships: Fact or Artifact”, Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55(2): S98－S107.
[13] Doherty, A. J. and A. V. Carron, 2003, “Cohesion in Volunteer Sport Executive Committees”, Journal of Sport Management, 17(2): 116－141.
[14] Emrich, E., W. Pitsch, J. Flatau and C. Pierdzioch, 2014,“Voluntary Engagement in Sports Clubs: A Behavioral Model and Some Empirical Evidence”, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(2): 227－240.
[15] Erasmus, B. and P. J. Morey, 2016,“Faith-Based Volunteer Motivation: Exploring the Applicability of the Volunteer Functions Inventory to the Motivations and Satisfaction Levels of Volunteers in an Australian Faith-Based Organization”, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(3): 1343－1360.
[16] Freeman, R. B., 1997,“Working for Nothing: The Supply of Volunteer Labor”, Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1): S140－S166.
[17] Garcia, J., F. Lera-Lopez and M. J. Suarez, 2011,“Estimation of a Structural Model of the Determinants of the Time Spent on Physical Activity and Sport: Evidence for Spain”, Journal of Sports Economics, 12(5): 515－537.
[18] Hallmann, K., 2015, “Modelling the Decision to Volunteer in Organised Sports”, Sport Management Review, 18(3): 448－463.
[19] Hank, K. and S. Stuck, 2008, “Volunteer Work, Informal Help, and Care among the 50+ In Europe: Further Evidence for ‘Linked’ Productive Activities at Older Ages”, Social Science Research, 37 (4): 1280－1291.
[20] Humphreys, B. R. and J. E. Ruseski, 2006, “Economic Determinants of Participation in Physical Activity and Sport”, Illinois, USA: International Association of Sports Economists, 1－25.
[21] ILO, 2011,Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work, Switzerland.
[22] Jara-Díaz, S. and J. Rosales-Salas, 2017, “Beyond Transport Time: A Review of Time Use Modeling”, Transportation Research Part A, 97(2): 209－230.
[23] Kim, S. Y. and G. Hong, 1998, “Volunteer Participation and Time Commitment by Older Americans”, American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, 27(2): 146－166.
[24] Kinsbergen, S., J. Tolsma and S. Ruiter, 2013, “Bringing the Beneficiary Closer: Explanations for Volunteering Time in Dutch Private Development Initiatives”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(1): 59－83.
[25] Lee, S., T. Saito, M. Takahashi and I. Kai, 2008, “Volunteer Participation among Older Adults in Japan: An Analysis of the Determinants of Participation and Reasons for Non-Participation”, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 47(2): 173－187.
[26] Lipford, J. W. and B. Yandle, 2009, “The Determinants of Purposeful Voluntarism”, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(1): 72－79.
[27] Maslow, A. H., 1943,“A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review, 50(4): 370－396.
[28] Mincer, J., 1962 “Labor Force Participation of Married Women: A Study of Labor Supply”, in Gregg, L.H.,(Eds) Aspects of Labor Economics, Princeton, N.J.: University Press.
[29] Mojza, E. J., S. Sonnentag and C. Bornemann, 2011,“Volunteer Work as a Valuable Leisure-Time Activity: A Day-Level Study on Volunteer Work, Non-Work Experiences, And Well-Being at Work”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1): 123－152.
[30] Muller, M. W., 1975,“Economic Determinants of Volunteer Work by Women”, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1(2): 325－338.
[31] Pho, Y. H., 2008,“The Value of Volunteer Labor and the Factors Influencing Participation: Evidence for the United States from 2002 Through 2005”, Review of Income and Wealth, 54(2): 220－236.
[32] Schlesinger, T. and S. Nagel, 2011,“Voluntary Commitment to the Sports Club is a Matter of Honor: A Model for Analyzing Decisions to Volunteer in Sports Clubs”, Sport Und Gesellschaft, 8(1): 3－27.
[33] Schlesinger, T. and S. Nagel, 2013, “Who Will Volunteer? Analysing Individual and Structural Factors of Volunteering In Swiss Sports Clubs”, European Journal of Sport Science, 13(6): 707－715.
[34] Taylor, P. D., T.Panagouleas and G. Nichols, 2012, “Determinants of Sports Volunteering and Sports Volunteer Time in England”, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 4(2): 201－220.
[35] Tiehen, L., 2000, “Has Working More Caused Married Women to Volunteer Less? Evidence From Time Diary Data, 1965 to 1993”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(4): 505－529.
[36] UNV, 2011, State of the World's Volunteerism Report: Universal Values for Global Well-being, Germany.
[37] Wicker, P. and K.Hallmann, 2013,“A Multi-level Framework for Investigating the Engagement of Sport Volunteers”, European Sport Management Quarterly, 13(1): 110－139.