The 1920s marked a crucial period for the awakening of the sense of community for the Chinese nation. During this time,particularly between 1921 and 1923—a pivotal juncture when the First Kuomintang-Communist Cooperation was being forged and the tidal wave of the Nationalist Revolution was imminent—the pursuit of the “great liberation of the Chinese nation” became a shared objective for both parties. Concurrently,Liang Qichao,having re-examined Chinese and Western cultures in the aftermath of the First World War and carefully studied the intrinsic connection between European nation conflicts and the war,shifted his focus to “expounding the Chinese nation” precisely at this historical moment. Liang Qichao not only articulated the “what” that “the Chinese nation is a miracle of the world” for the first time in modern history,but also delved into the “why”,offering a profound synthesis of its distinctive characteristics and inherent strengths. His efforts to bolster national confidence resonated with the spirit of times. Furthermore,as a pioneer in modern Chinese national historiography,Liang Qichao's deepened engagement with Chinese national identity in the aftermath ofthe First World War ultimately epitomized his groundbreaking and self-conscious scholarly endeavor to theorize the Chinese nation as an indivisible whole,and his scholarly research was consciously integrated with the people's tangible struggles for the great liberation of the Chinese nation.

The knowledge system is an empirical summary and systematic expression of the laws governing the development of practice and the operation of society. The autonomous knowledge system of Chinese modernization is the theoretical representation of the practice of Chinese modernization,highlighting the generality of the knowledge system and the particularity of China's development. The autonomous knowledge system of Chinese modernization is based on the vivid practice of China's modernization and takes a series of distinctive concepts as its essential connotation. It has distinct autonomy and originality. The autonomous knowledge system of Chinese modernization inherently presents the value attributes that promote the overall construction of China's independent knowledge system,endow other countries with modernization development experience,and enrich the theoretical wisdom of the new form of human civilization,thereby demonstrating its contemporary significance. With the spirit of historical initiative,high-quality development,and the spirit of confrontation exchange and integration,we should further deepen and expand the main force,practical foundation and theoretical connotations of the construction of the autonomous knowledge system of Chinese modernization,providing theoretical support and ideological guidance for promoting Chinese modernization and better human development.

The Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was a just struggle by the Chinese people to resist Japanese militarist aggression and achieve national independence and liberation,as well as an inseparable and vital component of the Global War Against Fascism. During this period,foreign journalists,military-diplomatic personnel,and scholars ventured into rear base areas to investigate the Communist Party of China and its leadership in resistance efforts. Through personal diaries,policy reports,and news coverage,they documented and disseminated their observations and reflections on the Communist-led resistance movement. In these foreign accounts,the Communist Party of China emerged as a pioneering force characterized by the integration of theoretical study with practical exploration,courageous practice of criticism and self-criticism,strong popular support through grassroots engagement,and heroic leadership in organizing anti-aggression struggles. This international narrative construction has not only helped to shape favorable public opinion for the leadership of the Communist Party of China in directing the nationwide resistance,but also provided substantial historical documentation for deepening academic research into the history of the Communist Party of China during the wartime period.

The most concerned imperial power was Britain,which had enormous interests in North China,during the Chinese Battle of the Great Wall in the first half of 1933. Britain tried to maintain its interests in North China by compromising with Japan. When the Japanese army made the Shanhaiguan Incident,made infringement of all passes of the Great Wall and made invasion of the eastern part of the Luan River region,and attacked the areas to the south of the Great Wall,Britain was always worried about the Japanese army's occupation of the Pingjin area. When each Japanese army attack ended,Britain always hoped Japanese ended their military action in North China. Trying not to give the Japanese troops an excuse to invade the Pingjin area,Britain refused to assist China and demanded the withdrawal of Chinese troops,opposed the economic blockade against Japan and the warning of Japan. Alleviating the situation in North China as soon as possible,Britain always wanted and mediated negotiations between China and Japan. The resident minister,Mr. Lampson,was in constant communication with both the Chinese and Japanese. He asked the National Government to accept the Japanese demand to establish a demilitarized zone and he supported the signing of Tanggu Truce of a military nature. By this way,Britain secured a temporary cessation of Japanese military activity around the Great Wall to maintain its interests in North China.

The foundation for building a powerful educational country lies in basic education. On the new journey of the new era,it is imperative to accelerate the establishment of a high-quality basic education system that ensures excellent access to child education. The teacher policies serve as the vital impetus for constructing a high-quality preschool teacher workforce and the key force for promoting the quality and universal development of preschool education. This paper focuses on systematically analyzing a series of policies of China's preschool teacher workforce construction over the past two decades,especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. It summarizes the significant progresses achieved in China's preschool teacher policies,revealing a developmental trend and characteristics of systematization,standardization,and continuous improvement. A comprehensive policy framework has been formed,consisting of the main parts of development planning,financial investment,welfare guarantees,professional development,personnel management,and supervision and regulation etc. Based on the analysis as above,the study further analyzes the main mismatches of current preschool teacher policies facing building a powerful educational country,and proposes policy suggestions for its future reforms and innovations.

Optimizing the precise supply of universal childcare services is a significant measure to alleviate structural supply-demand contradictions and reduce the burdens of childbirth,child-rearing,and education on families. According to the Theory of Supply and Demand Adaptability,starting from the precise identification of demand,17 demand elements of universal childcare services are determined in 4 dimensions,namely,relevance,adaptability,quality,and accessibility. Based on the Kano model,the differential demands of parents of children under 3 years of age for universal childcare services have been analyzed,and the demand differences among families hesitant to use childcare services,families planning to use childcare services,and families currently using services,have been revealed. The supply priority order of universal childcare service elements has been determined according to the demand identification results. The results reveal that parents generally attach importance to the quantity of universal childcare places,comprehensive service quality,convenient service distance and reasonable service price. There are differences in the urgency of demands for various universal childcare service elements among different types of families:Hesitant families emphasize the scale of childcare places and service prices,planning families focus on integrating childcare with kindergarten,and families currently using services emphasize service quality and teachers. Universal childcare services should achieve precise supply from four aspects:precise identification of demands,precise coordination of structure,precise enhancement of service quality,and precise accessibility of service delivery.

As a significant institutional endeavor in the transformation of talent cultivation paradigms in the new era,comprehensive quality evaluation in China's high schools has,over years of exploration,established a preliminary framework involving multiple stakeholders. However,its practical implementation has exposed persistent challenges,undermining its intended efficacy. This stems from the strategic choices by the key stakeholders—government,schools,families,enterprises,and universities—under bounded rationality during their strategic interactions,trapping the system in a low-efficiency equilibrium. These predicaments arise from goal dissipation under hierarchical transmission,incentive fractures due to selection failures,path lock-in induced by market embedding,and trust crises arising from technological ethics. To address these challenges,it is imperative to follow the guiding principle of “balancing normative order with vitality stimulation” and pursue a threefold path to break through the current impasse:first,constructing a “hierarchical-network” structure that integrates normativity and flexibility to unleash the vitality of diverse actors;second,refining an “incentive-compatible” mechanism by leveraging college admission processes to optimize the closed-loop application of evaluation in talent selection;and third,promoting “technology-for-good” governance through goal alignment and role standardization to mitigate path dependency.

In China,the importance of mental health has been increasingly recognized across educational institutions and the society. However,debates remain regarding the nature,definition,and measurement criteria of mental health. This paper aims to explore the connotation and denotation of mental health by analyzing its relationships with needs,emotional experiences,and well-being. The connotation of mental health lies in the agent-environment transactions,wherein individuals systematically construct and internalize societal contexts. Driven by needs,mediated through emotional processes,and culminating in optimal well-being,mental health facilitates individuals' adaptive functioning in social life and their contributions to society and humanity. The denotation of mental health specifies its manifestations:Through agent-environment transactions,biological traits provide foundational potential,while societal contexts actualize this potential in key domains (e.g.,vocational functioning,relational competence,and self-regulatory capacity). These processes result in measurable individual differences in psychosocial adaptation.

Amidst the dual challenges of the global ecological crisis and rising mental health issues among children and adolescents,Ecological Civilization Education (ECE),as a key practice within China's “Five-Sphere Integrated Plan” strategy,is evolving from knowledge-based instruction towards quality-oriented education. This shift positions ECE as a potential pathway for promoting the psychological well-being of youth. Theoretically,psychology-based ECE can be understood through dual perspectives:nature interaction and individual development. From the nature interaction perspective,the Biophilia Hypothesis,Stress Reduction Theory,and Attention Restoration Theory collectively substantiate the mental health benefits fostered by connection with nature. From the individual development perspective,Cognitive Development Theory,Sociocultural Theory,and Psychosocial Development Theory emphasize the co-development of ecological cognition,ecological values,and ecological self-identity. In practice,its operative pathways manifest through cultivating systems thinking at the cognitive level,internalizing nature empathy at the affective level,and shaping pro-environmental habits at the behavioral level.According to this,the present study advocates an ECE intervention framework based on collaborative efforts among families,schools,and communities. Families establish emotional bonds through nature experiences,schools integrate ecological and mental health education via systematic curricula,and communities strengthen behavioral transformation through practical projects. This framework aims to achieve mutually reinforcing development of children and adolescents' ecological civilization literacy and psychological health,thereby providing theoretical underpinnings and practical guidance for an ECE model with Chinese characteristics.

Zhang Jing was a prominent figure among the reclusive literati families who migrated to the region of Wu during the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties,exerting considerable influence in the literary circles of his time. His social network encompassed nearly all the key figures in the literary world of the Wu region. During the regime of Zhang Shicheng,Zhang Jing once held various official positions. His two promotions—first as Vice Prefect of Jiading and later as Prefectural Judge of Songjiang—prompted collective creation of farewell poems for him by most of the reclusive literati in the region of Wu,resulting in two distinctive poetry scrolls. The Farewell Scroll for Zhang,Magistrate of Wu County,Assuming Office in Jiading employed the praise of Wu's scenic landmarks as its primary mode of expression,while The Farewell Scroll for Prefectural Judge Zhang directly conveyed the emotions and thoughts of those bidding him farewell.The uniqueness of these two scrolls is reflected in two key aspects:Firstly,the Wu literati's open-minded attitude toward the dichotomy between official service and reclusion,which fostered a fluid mode of interaction between scholars in and out of public office. Secondly,the literary approach of expressing personal life reflections through the poetic celebration of famous locales. These characteristics not only encapsulated the distinctive ethos of the literary world in the region of Wu during the Yuan-Ming transition but also contributed to the enduring cultural traditions of the Wu region.

Among a series of concepts of identification in ancient China,the concept of “Xiang” is the most representative. The development of the ancient thinking of the “Xiang” concept can be divided into three stages:the stage of pure “Xiang”,the stage of the combination of “Xiang” and rhetoric,and the stage of pure rhetoric. Natural revelations,the gadgets of “Xiang” made by the saints,and a sequence of written characters of “Xiang”,these three entities had become interconnected under the auspices of “Xiang”. The aforementioned three entities have coalesced to establish a unified intellectual framework centered on “Xiang”. With the goal of revealing,clarifying and utilizing the Dao,the early theory of “Xiang” took the emergence of systematic writing and the collapse of the Zhou dynasty's bureaucratic system as points of differentiation,and constructed a unique cosmological model of traditional China with the three-stage presentation form. Discussing the presentation of the “Xiang” thought in Shangshu (the Book of History) based on this three-stage theory enables us to deeply explore and three-dimensionally present the contents and levels of “Xiang” thought in Shangshu.

This study provides novel empirical evidence on the relationship between digital transformation and export growth through the lens of supply chain configuration. We find that digital transformation reduces information asymmetry between firms and upstream suppliers,enabling firms to establish stable supply chain relationships with geographically distant yet financially superior suppliers,thereby fostering export growth. Supplier concentration plays a moderating role—the export-enhancing effect of digital transformation is more pronounced when supplier concentration is lower. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive impact is primarily reflected in digitally application-oriented firms,coastal firms,and firms located in regions with advanced digital economies,generating significant effects on the intensive margin of export growth. These findings offer empirical support for leveraging digitalization to enhance the quality-driven development of export trade and provide policy-relevant insights.

Under a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change,focusing on promoting digital factor-driven industry agglomeration is an important measure to realize the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy. Based on a large sample of China's industrial and commercial registered enterprise data,the article has identified digital factor-driven enterprises according to The Statistical Classification of the Digital Economy and Its Core Industries (2021),and has constructed digital factor-driven industry agglomeration indicators. Using the data of 282 prefecture-level and above cities from 2003 to 2022,the impact and mechanism of digital factor-driven industry agglomeration on urban carbon emission reduction have been analyzed in great depth. The baseline results show that digital factor-driven industrial agglomeration has significantly reduced urban carbon emissions and carbon emission intensity,which can promote the dual control of carbon emissions in China. Mechanism analysis shows that digital factor-driven industrial agglomeration has realized carbon emission reduction through green technology innovation effect and industrial structure effect. Heterogeneity analysis finds that the role of digital factor-driven industry agglomeration is more significant in resource-oriented cities,low-carbon cities,and cities with better digital business environment.The conclusions have provide important insights for creating spatial growth poles and power sources for digital factor-driven industry clustering,collaborating to promote the dual-control of carbon emissions,and realizing the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy.

Traditional enterprise pension plans,primarily aimed at large enterprises and formal employment,struggle to adapt to new forms of employment,resulting in a low participation rate,high operational costs,and an increased gap in pension benefits. With these developmental challenges,the trend in the development of occupational pension is shifting from traditional systems to modern ones. Modern occupational pension systems have five distinct characteristics that achieve a better integration of an effective market and a proactive government. First,they implement an automatic enrollment mechanism to increase the participation rate. Second,the types of plans are diversified to meet the diverse forms of employment. Third,they adopt a platform trustee model to reduce operational costs. Fourth,they selectively open investment choices to meet diverse investment risk preferences. Fifth,they coordinate multi-level pension insurance systems to achieve complementary to the basic pension insurance system. To construct a modern occupational pension system in China,efforts should focus on the following key areas:implementing an automatic enrollment mechanism,building a national-level comprehensive management platform,setting up limited investment options,providing default investment funds,strengthening overall coordination with the basic pension insurance system,and enhancing coordination with the individual pension system. Constructing a modern occupational pension system can better adapt to new forms of employment,narrow the pension gap,achieve sustainable development of multi-level pension insurance systems,and better address the challenges of an aging population.