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北京师范大学学报(社会科学版) ›› 2020, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (3): 148-160.

• 经济管理 • 上一篇    

国有企业混合所有制改革提高了企业投资效率吗?

许晨曦1, 金宇超2, 杜珂3   

  1. 1.首都经济贸易大学 会计学院,北京 100070;
    2.中央财经大学 会计学院,北京 100039;
    3.中铁第五勘察设计院,北京 102600
  • 收稿日期:2019-12-17 发布日期:2020-12-11
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金青年项目“基于中国情景的会计信息公司估值研究”(71902209),首都经济贸易大学北京市属高校基本科研业务专项资金项目(XRZ2020039)。

Have the Mixed Ownership Reform of State-owned Enterprises Improved the Efficiency of Enterprise Investment?

XU Chenxi1, JIN Yuchao2, DU Ke3   

  1. 1. School of Accountancy,Capital University of Economics and Business,Beijing 100070;
    2. School of Accountancy,Central University of Finance and Economics,Beijing 100039;
    3. China Railway Fifth Survey and Design Institute Group Co.Ltd,Beijing 102600,China
  • Received:2019-12-17 Published:2020-12-11

摘要: 在全面深化改革和经济迈向高质量发展的时代背景下,国有企业和国有资本被赋予了全新的任务和使命,国有企业混合所有制改革逐渐升温。国有企业混合所有制改革的一个主要目标,是通过优化国有股权分配比例,引入非公有资本丰富股权结构,减少国有股权占比,优化公司治理结构,形成股东行为明确、企业投资高效敏捷、内控监督有力的机制。就理论逻辑而言,国有企业混合所有制改革必然会对企业投资效率产生影响。一方面,因股权结构引起的动态改变会对其治理体制及资源禀赋造成直接冲击,一定程度上硬化国企的预算软约束,进而影响企业投资效率;另一方面,通过管理层持股等方式引入非公有资本,可以提高管理层激励,提高股权多样性和制衡度,这同样会对国有企业投资效率产生影响。那么,在实践中,国有企业混合所有制改革提高了企业投资效率吗?以2003年至2017年国企上市公司为样本的经验研究发现,国有企业混合所有制改革显著提升了企业投资效率,且国有企业混合所有制改革对投资效率的改进主要集中于抑制国企投资过度,对国企投资不足的缓解作用则较为有限。这可能表明,国有企业混合所有制改革主要通过降低国有企业过度投资行为来提高企业的投资效率,从而为我们找到了更加精确的影响机制—国有企业本身相对而言承担着更多的政策性负担,所以更可能进行过度投资行为,但是混合所有制改革引入的其他非国有股东可以改变这个现状,使其充分适应市场竞争机制,从而优化投资低效行为,改善其投资效率。进一步研究还发现,相比较而言,在竞争程度较低的垄断性行业和市场化水平较低的地区,国有企业进行混合所有制改革对投资效率的提高作用更加明显。上述研究结论意味着,需要进一步扩大和深化国有企业混合所有制改革,同时要更加关注垄断性行业的国有企业混合所有制改革问题,并依据市场化程度的地区、行业差异来推进国有企业混合所有制改革。

关键词: 国企混改, 投资效率, 投资过度, 投资不足

Abstract: In the context of comprehensively deepening reform and high-quality economic development,state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and state capital have been endowed with new tasks and missions.In particular,the mixed ownership reform of SOEs is gradually heating up.One of the main objectives is to form a government mechanism featured with regulated shareholders’ behaviors,efficient and agile investment decisions and strong internal control by introducing a rich equity structure with non-public capital,reducing the proportion of state-owned equity and optimizing the corporate governance structure.Theoretically,the mixed ownership reform will inevitably affect the investment efficiency of SOEs.On the one hand,the dynamic change caused by its shareholding structure will exert a direct impact on its governance system and resource endowment,and it will harden the soft budget constraint on the SOEs,thus affect the investment efficiency of enterprises.On the other hand,the introduction of non-public capital through management shareholding and other ways can improve management incentives,improve equity diversity and balance degree,thus also affect the investment efficiency of SOEs.Then,there arises a question whether the mixed ownership reform of SOEs has practically improved the efficiency of enterprise investment.Empirical research on the listed SOEs from 2003 to 2017 shows that the mixed ownership reform has significantly improved the investment efficiency of SOEs,significant in restraining the excessive investment,while insignificant in the alleviation of the insufficient investment of SOEs.These findings may indicate that the mixed ownership reform improves the investment efficiency of SOEs mainly by reducing the excessive investment behavior and a more precise impact mechanism can be seen.SOEs bear more policy tasks,so they are more likely to engage in excessive investment behavior.However,other non-state shareholders introduced by the mixed ownership reform can change this situation.SOEs will fully adapt to the market competition mechanism,thereby optimize the investment behavior and improve its investment efficiency.Further research also finds that the mixed ownership reform of SOEs has a more significant effect on investment efficiency in industries of low competition level and regions of low marketization level.The research conclusions above mean that China needs to further expand and deepen the reform in the mixed ownership of SOEs,attach more importance to the reform in monopolistic industries and promote the reform according to the regional and industrial differences of marketization.

Key words: mixed ownership reform of State-owned Enterprises, investment efficiency, over investment, under investment

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