Abstract: Rethinking enlightenment from the perspective of philosophy means shifting from the absolute,rational,and perfect world to the modern world of reality,sensibility,passion,desire,and worldly interests.It requires us to reconceptualize and readjust the correlations between human and God or emperor,between rationality,intellectuality and sensibility,between universality,particularity and individuality,between unity,opposition and diversity,between good,justice and evil,and between actuality,alteration and action.It is through this adjustment and reconstruction that enlightenment dialectics came into being.There is an underlying question of how to critically touch on the agenda of nature,history and the transcendental ideals—which is essential to the dialectics of Enlightenment—denoted in Jacobi's concern of the negation of transcendence,rationality and subjectivity advocated by radical enlightenment and in Hegel's pursuit of an absolute perfected world via his rhetoric of negative dialectics.Different from the devaluation of nature in enlightenment tradition,Marx's enlightenment philosophy prioritizes nature and labor as the foundation of wealth while turning away from the rigid dichotomy between nature and freedom.The bourgeois enlightenment regards history as total darkness,while the proletariat dialectically treats the inheritance and innovation of history and fully affirms the historical significance of tradition.In view of the nihilization of ideals and beliefs caused by the denial of the transcendence dimension in the radical enlightenment,historical materialism no longer opposes nature and history,but reconstructs the transcendental dimension of the ideal on the basis of respect for nature and history.

Key words: enlightenment, nature, history, transcendence, Marx