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北京师范大学学报(社会科学版) ›› 2019, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (6): 111-120.

• 哲学反思 • 上一篇    下一篇

“人该如何生活”作为苏格拉底伦理学的核心问题

田书峰   

  1. 北京师范大学 哲学学院,北京 100875
  • 收稿日期:2019-06-24 发布日期:2020-12-10
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金重大项目“希腊罗马伦理学综合研究”(13&ZD065)。

The Central Problem of “How Should One Live” in the Socratic Ethics

TIAN Shufeng   

  1. School of Philosophy, BNU, Beijing 100875, China
  • Received:2019-06-24 Published:2020-12-10

摘要: “人该如何生活”或“何谓好的生活”是苏格拉底伦理学中的核心问题,是苏格拉底的哲学关切的基本视域。通过与对话者一连串的叩问和对谈、诘难和训诫,苏格拉底所说的“好的生活”的整全面貌也就慢慢呈现出来:第一,“好的生活”必然开始于对德性的追求,这就是“德性转向”,即从对外在的自然事物的关心转向到对内在的灵魂德性的关心;第二,“好的生活”始于对自我的认识,而本真的自我是理性,它不存在于生灭不定的感觉世界(Werden),而是存在于依赖理性的实存世界或本体世界(Sein);第三,苏格拉底对于“好的生活”或德性的理解并不是一种技艺性的知识(technical knowledge),因为技艺都是价值中立的或有两面性,可被用于好的和坏的目的,而有关德性或“好的生活”的知识一定只能被运用到善的目的上,德性绝对会达致善;第四,“好的生活”必然需要实践智慧,因为智慧是对人的所有类型的价值和善的某种整全理解,并且包含运用到所有情境中的能力,但是,人的智慧是有限的,不能看透所有事物之间的全部的内在联系,所以,苏格拉底至死持守自己的“无知之知”的信条。

关键词: 苏格拉底, 德性, 好的生活, 实践智慧

Abstract: “How should one live”, or “what is a good life”, is the core question in the Socratic Ethics and is the fundamental horizon in Socrates' philosophical concern. Through a series of asking and answering, elenchus and reprimand, the general picture of the “good life” was gradually clarified. Firstly, “good life” starts from pursuing the virtues, which can be called “the turn of virtue”, for instance, the turn from the care of the external natural things to the care of internal virtues of the soul. Secondly, “good life” starts with knowing the true self, which is the rationality, and it doesn't exist in the sensitive world of becoming, but in the world of being or true substances based on the rationality. Thirdly, Socrates doesn't consider the “good life” and the virtues as technical knowledge, because all techniques or arts are neutral in values and ambivalent, which can be used both for good or bad purposes, but the knowledge of “good life” and virtues can only be applied to good purposes and absolutely lead to the good. Fourthly, “good life” necessitates the practical wisdom, because the wisdom is a kind of comprehensive understanding or general grasp of all kinds of human values and goods in all circumstances. However, the human wisdom is so limited that they cannot obtain complete knowledge on the inner relations of all things; therefore, Socrates persists in the doctrine of “knowing the fact of ignorance”.

Key words: Socrates, virtue, good life, practical wisdom

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