关键词: 教育改革, 变革管理, 中国教育改革, 美国教育改革, 俄罗斯教育改革

Abstract: After reviewing education reforms in China,the USA and Russia from a “parallel-time” perspective,this paper reveals that context,agent,intention,action,consequence,evaluation and resources are critical elements in educational reform,and the main focal points include value and belief,governance and institutions,access and resources,pedagogy and curriculum,assessment and supervision.The complexity of the educational reform is correlated to the agents and agencies,as the reform is regarded as the collective action to change the habitus and field,and escalates from individual habitus to collective field cultures.Besides epistemological argument and communication,political and social interactions also play critical roles.Given the dynamic nature of educational reform,management and evaluation should be taken seriously for a better effect of implementing the reform.Therefore,based on the theories of action science,the concept of learning should be changed and learning-oriented organizations and societies be built,which is the logic of educational reform.

Key words: educational reform, management in change, educational reform in China, educational reform in the USA, educational reform in Russia