欢迎访问《北京师范大学学报》(社会科学版),今天是

北京师范大学学报(社会科学版) ›› 2020, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (6): 101-112.

• 哲学反思 • 上一篇    下一篇

人类政治的远古根脉

宋洪兵   

  1. 中国人民大学 国学院,北京 100872
  • 收稿日期:2020-08-01 出版日期:2020-11-25 发布日期:2020-12-14

The Ancient Roots of Human Politics

SONG Hongbing   

  1. School of Chinese Classics,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China
  • Received:2020-08-01 Online:2020-11-25 Published:2020-12-14

摘要: 人类政治的根脉,可以追溯到人类祖先尚处于动物世界的时代。灵长类动物祖先,过着一种竞争性的群居生活,形成了一种以支配—服从关系为核心的社会秩序。群体秩序之形成,是自然演化的结果,也是人类社会的自然法则。作为个体的生存诉求与作为群体的稳定秩序,构成了群居动物的必然生存境遇。支配—服从等级结构必然伴随权力斗争与权力更替。群居动物权力斗争的目的,在于取得支配权。支配权能够带来物质利益、优越感及性特权。权力野心,是一种政治本能。群体成员之所以会服从是因为恐惧、利益或忍辱负重。支配者必须获得群体成员的拥护和支持,必须掌握灵活的政治技艺,包括将人类视为“政治美德”的东西作为一种“政治策略”,以便争取群体成员的最大支持并打击竞争对手。智人时代开启了“人类政治”的历史阶段。智人具备抽象思维能力与语言沟通能力,能够通过“虚构”故事来实现群体秩序的稳定。人类历史就是一场围绕着支配—服从的权力结构与社会秩序、依据各种虚构故事而展开的权力博弈。人类政治思想史,实则人类在各个历史阶段围绕政治问题而“层累地”虚构各种故事的历史。以支配—服从为核心的社会秩序是人类作为群居动物无可逃避的宿命。

关键词: 人类政治, 远古根脉, 支配—服从, 权力斗争, 虚构故事

Abstract: The roots of human politics can be traced back to the era when human ancestors were still in the animal world.Primate ancestors lived a competitive social life and formed a social order centered on the domination-submission relationship.The formation of group order is the result of natural evolution and the natural law of human society.The individual's survival demand and the group's stable order constitute the inevitable survival situation of gregarious social animals.The domination-submission hierarchical structure is inevitably accompanied by power struggle and power change.The purpose of the power struggle of gregarious social animals is to gain control and domination status,which can bring material benefits,superiority and sexual privileges.Power ambition is a political instinct,and group members will obey because of fear,interest,or tolerance.Dominators must gain the recognition and support of group members,and must master flexible political skills,including taking advantage of wide-recognized "political virtues"as a"political strategy" to win the maximum support of group members to combat competitors.The era of Homo Sapiens opened the historical stage of "human politics",for Homo Sapiens possessed the ability of abstract thinking and language communication,and could achieve the stability of group order through "fictional" stories.Human history is a grand power game based on various fictional stories around the power structure and social order of domination and submission.The history of human political thought is the history of creating "accumulative" fictional stories around political issues in various historical stages.The social order centered on domination and submission is the inescapable fate of human beings as gregarious social animals.

Key words: human politics, ancient roots, domination-submission, power struggle, fictional stories

中图分类号: