Abstract: Since the beginning of the 21st century,particularly following the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,China's climate change policies and actions can be characterized by several key transformations:Policy objectives have shifted from singular environmental protection toward dual emphasis on ecological protection and low-carbon development.Emission reduction approaches have evolved from administrative mandates toward integrated market mechanisms and administrative measures.Policy frameworks have shifted from fragmented structures toward coordinated systems.Carbon accounting systems have advanced from incomplete methodologies toward precision-based approaches.Participating entities have expanded from government-led initiatives toward society-wide engagement.And international cooperation has progressed from active participation toward proactive leadership.China currently benefits from significant opportunities,including robust development of green industries and technological innovation,increased demand for green finance and investment,expanded green consumer market demand,and strengthened international climate cooperation.Simultaneously,China confronts a series of internal and external challenges,including incomplete governance systems,high carbon reduction costs,carbon accounting systems requiring further refinement,inequitable international emission reduction responsibility allocation,and increasingly stringent green trade barriers.Accordingly,China should enhance governance systems adapted to climate change,steadily advance carbon market and energy transition,accelerate low-carbon transformation of traditional industries,establish comprehensive and unified carbon accounting systems,promote the creation of fair and reasonable international emission reduction responsibility allocation mechanisms,and continue deepening global cooperation in the climate domain.

Key words: addressing climate change, climate policy, low-carbon transformation, carbon emissions trading market