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北京师范大学学报(社会科学版) ›› 2020, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (3): 72-83.

• 史学前沿 • 上一篇    下一篇

理性的结构:比较中西思维的根本异同

刘家和   

  1. 北京师范大学 历史学院,北京 100875
  • 收稿日期:2020-01-10 发布日期:2020-12-11

On the Structure of Reason:Comparing the fundamental similarities and differences between Chinese and Western thinking

LIU Jiahe   

  1. School of History,BNU,Beijing 100875,China
  • Received:2020-01-10 Published:2020-12-11

摘要: 关于中国文化深层结构的特点,从黑格尔到德里达,西方学界形成了一种偏见,认为中国没有理性,没有哲学。前辈中国学者在物质、制度和思想层面上都发现了中西文化存在着若干异同,但他们忽略了理性在中西文明中起到的作用。理性有不同的内容和类别。不同的理性类别组成不同的理性结构。虽然理性的爆发是轴心时代中西文明的共同特点,但它们表现出来的理性结构却不尽相同。古代西方的理性结构包括逻辑理性、自然理性、实践理性/道德理性、审美理性,但缺少历史理性,其理性结构以纯粹理性为主导,逻辑理性居于统治地位。中国的理性结构包括历史理性、自然理性、道德理性,有逻辑思想,但却未发展出逻辑理性,其中历史理性占有支配地位。逻辑理性主宰了西方的思维,历史理性引领了中国的思维。这种理性结构的不同是中西思维不同的根本原因所在。中西文明之别,关键也就在于理性结构的不同。西方文明中逻辑理性占主导和中国文明中历史理性占主导,其根本在于二分法的不同。中西的二分法之不同,其部分原因则可溯源于各自语言之不同。语言特点不同,是中西文化不同之源头。

关键词: 思维方式, 理性结构, 逻辑理性, 历史理性, 二分法

Abstract: From Hegel to Jacques Derrida,Western academic circles have formed a prejudice that Chinese have no reason and philosophy on the characteristics of the deep structure of Chinese cultures.Senior Chinese scholars have found some similarities and differences between Chinese and Western cultures on the level of substance,systems and thoughts,but neglected the function of reason.There are different contents and categories of reason,which form different structures.Although the explosion of reason was the common characteristic between Chinese and Western civilizations in the Axial Age,their structures of reason were different from each other.Logic reason,natural reason,practical reason/moral reason and aesthetic reason were included in the system of reason in ancient Western civilization,which is characterized by leading role of pure reason and logic reason,but lack of historical reason.Historical reason,natural reason and moral reason were included in the structure of Chinese civilization,which is characterized by the dominant role of historical reason,and lack of logic reason,although it had logic thought.Logic reason dominated the thinking of Western civilization,while historical reason led the thinking of Chinese civilization.The difference of the structure of reason between Chinese and Western civilizations were the fundamental cause to their different thinking,as well as the decisive factor that led to the difference between the two civilizations.The difference of dichotomy between Chinese and Western civilizations,which basically resulted in the different structures of reason mentioned above,was partly caused by the different characteristics of languages of the two civilizations,which were the source of the different features between Chinese and Western civilizations.

Key words: mode of thinking, the structure of reason, logic reason, historical reason, dichotomy

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