The notion of “adherence to a problem-oriented approach” is one of the core propositions of the world view and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era with “Six commitments” as the basic content.This proposition shows the relationship between the scientific world view and methodology of contemporary Chinese Marxism and the “inheritance” and “development” of dialectical materialism and historical materialism from three aspects:interpreting the contradictory thinking of “raising problems”,the global logic of “existing problems and grasping problems”,and the spiritual characteristics of actively “tackling and solving problems” in practice.This core proposition uses the contradictory theory of materialist dialectics to further clarify problem thinking and problem consciousness as the starting point for understanding and transforming the world.The logical relationship between “adherence to a problem-oriented approach” and “six commitments” has been further analyzed through the holistic thinking of Marxist theory.The basic viewpoint of Marxist practical epistemology should be used to interpret the spiritual characteristics of “adherence to a problem-oriented approach”,active response on the basis of pragmatism and truth-seeking,and the practical consciousness of leading the times.The above aspects are the triple dimension of world view and methodology which can deepen the understanding of the world view and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

The realization of modernization is a significant sign of the development and progress of human civilization and the common pursuit of people all over the world.The diversity of modernization practice paths of all countries in the world comes from the essential rules of modernity,which contains the organic unity of universality and particularity,which not only has the common characteristics of modernization of all countries,but also contains its own national characteristics.The western capitalist countries took the lead in opening up the historical process of world modernization,and carried out the single mode of modernization development in the world,hid the essence of exploitation with the civilization aspect of capital modernization,and derived the civilization vision of “Western centralism”.In the course of its 100-year history,the Communist Party of China has opened up a new road of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics.On the basis of adhering to the orientation of socialist civilization,the Communist Party of China rejected the coercive logic of the Western narrative of monistic modernity and presented the civilized picture of multiple modernities to the world.

National unification,ethnic exchanges and integration are all social phenomena lauded by people of all epochs.These phenomena are closely linked to the concept of the “Great Unity”.The “Great Unity” theory,proposed by Han Confucians,corresponds to the contemporary need and has a long-standing impact on later times.Originating from the Spring and Autumn Annals' Gong Yang Zhuan,the “Great Unity” is the language of exegesis by the Han GongYang experts,initially referring to the “first month of the spring” in the calendar promulgated by the king.Dong Zhongshu offered a new interpretation on the traditional “Heavenly Mandate” concept.The “Great Unity”,as Dong Zhongshu claimed,is the fundamental rule,since it serves as “the constant rule of the heaven and earth” and “the general principle of the past and present”.Dong holds that the “Great Unity” is the most common rule of the world,and also a universal principle applicable all the time.The construction of this theory is of great significance for the national unification,ethnic solidarity,political stability and development.

In this paper,the relationships between farm size and agricultural productivity of family farms and smallholders have been analyzed comparatively by using the data of the China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) in 2020.The findings show that there exists an inverse relationship between land productivity and farm size in grain production for smallholders,but this inverse relationship is statistically insignificant for family farms.The findings also show that there does not exist a positive relationship between labor productivity and sown area in grain production for smallholders,but this positive relationship is statistically significant for family farms.Furthermore,the vast majority of the smallholders have been in the stage of increasing scale returns and cost-profit ratio and have not reached or approached the stage of constant scale returns and cost-profit ratio,whereas much more family farms have reached or approached the constant stage.In sum,family farms obviously enjoy comparative advantages of agricultural productivity over smallholders.Therefore,advancing the development of family farms is the better choice for China to stabilize and expand the grain supply,increase farmers' income and improve the business performance of agriculture.

Agricultural large-scale operation is an important way to achieve agricultural modernization in China.However,due to the supervision of employed labor force,the large-scale operators are often in a dilemma when choosing employment or outsourcing operations in the process of large-scale production.When the supervision predicament is inevitable and large-scale operation is imperative,operators can consider the supervision cost of employed labor as a part of their operating costs,and select the scope of agricultural scale-production by comparing the incentive contributions of cost innovation and quality innovation.Under the dual objective task of cost innovation and quality innovation,production units are affected by the degree of production standardization of the crops.When production is in a high-level standardization,operators have a preference for cost innovation,and their production presents a scale effect.On the contrary,operators are more willing to pursue quality innovation and narrow the scope of production to smaller production units,such as farmers or households.

In recent years,the educational development in countries around the world is facing multiple challenges,such as the lack of fairness and quality in education,the disconnection between youth skills and labor market,the urgent need to strengthen the construction of professional teachers,the potential educational risks brought about by the information revolution,and obstacles to international exchanges and cooperation in education.In the face of those challenges,countries around the world have formulated a series of education policies including expanding the supply of educational resources to promote equal access to education,standardizing education laws and regulations to improve the education guarantee system,strengthening knowledge and skill acquisition to enhance the quality of personnel training,improving the professional level of teachers to stimulate the internal impetus of education,deepening the reform of vocational education to support the upgrading of industrial structure,strengthening the accountability of education evaluation to ensure the efficiency of organizational management,meeting international two-way demand to accelerate the global arrangement of education,and further streamlining administration and devolving powers to better the efficiency of educational comprehensive governance.China's education reform should form a holistic awareness and take the experience of other countries as a mirror,and carry out systematic planning with the awareness of promoting the overall development of students,leading the innovation and transformation of economy and society,and serving the need of national strategic development.

Since the establishment of the Doctor of education,its position has not been clearly clarified,which led to a series of problems,such as the similarity between the training of the Doctor of Education and the Doctor of Philosophy in Education and high deferred graduation rate that has existed for a long time.Professionalism is the degree attribute of a professional degree,which is distinguished from an academic degree.It is also the fundamental position of the Doctor of Education.From the perspective of degree categories,the training objectives and training procedures of the Doctor of Education should take high-level professional ability as the core,and the connection between the training of the Doctor of Education and professional qualifications needs to be strengthened.From the perspective of degree level,the Doctor of Education is a kind of high-level vocational education supported by theoretical knowledge and applied practice.From the perspective of training mode of talent,each degree has its emphasis in academic knowledge and practical activities.Different from the Doctor of Philosophy in Education which aims to understand education,the Doctor of Education plays an important role in reforming education.To clarify the position of the Doctor of Education,it is necessary to critically learn from the experience of other countries,make it explicit that professionalism is the degree essence of the Doctor of Education,highlight the professional characteristics of personnel training mode,and improve the connection mechanism between the Doctor of Education and professional qualification.

The life of modern Chinese writer Wen Yiduo who is a typical example of the modern intellectual's pursuit of progress is summarized in the history of literature as the ideological process from a poet to a scholar to a warrior.In his ideal pursuit and logic of thought,it is actually the development and entanglement of the triple concepts of state,nation and people.The concept of state is the starting point of his cognition.The concept of nation is his emotional center throughout.And the concept of people is the sublimation of his thought.This triple entanglement reflects the ups and downs of modern Chinese social history and the tortuous exploration of intellectuals in China.The Restatement of the ideological evolution here is of great exemplary significance for us to see the profound changes of modern national consciousness in the spiritual history of Chinese intellectuals.

As a researcher of Lu Xun,in the 100-year history of Lu Xun Study in China,it is found that Mao Dun is not only an outstanding theorist,critic,and revolutionary writer,but also an outstanding researcher of Lu Xun.In terms of Lu Xun Study,he started with a unique vision from a high starting point.In the discovery of Lu Xun,he is as clear-sighted and far-sighted as a torch,and is one of the earliest researchers to discover the value of Lu Xun and his works,which lasts for more than half a century.In understanding Lu Xun,he has cleared away the fog and doubts,and has quickly,promptly and even repeatedly corrected all kinds of biases,and even wrong tendencies in the process of studying Lu Xun.In popularizing Lu Xun,he has consciously taken up the responsibility of carrying on and promoting the spirit of Lu Xun,and has played an important role in the history of Lu Xun's dissemination and propaganda.This fully reflects his amazing artistic intuition,superior literary sensibility and strong judgment of Lu Xun's works.This is precisely the most valuable character and ability as a critic and a researcher,which has important implications.

“Ti Zhi” is the core concept of Yan Yu's poetic theory,but due to unperceived separation and confusion,its exact connotation and true colors have not been fully presented,which also hinders the overall understanding of Yan Yu's poetic theory system and poetic ideas.By combining text refinement and logical induction,it can be seen that the concept of “Ti Zhi” in Cang Lang Shi Hua points to the complete and specific ontological existence of poetic works,and this basic connotation does not differ due to the differentiation and analysis of poetry genres from different perspectives in “Shi Ti”.The “Ti Zhi” of poetry not only includes basic elements such as “ci”,“li”,“yi” and “xing”,but also uses “Xing Qu”,“Ge Li”,“Qi Xiang”,“Yin Jie”,etc.to fully express the inherent quality and artistic power of poetry.Among them,“Ge Li” is based on the meaning of poetry,and represents the spiritual power expressed by the general thought and emotion in the poetry;“Xing Qu” is based on poetic sentiment,and it is the natural and implicit sentiment and interest expressed in the poetry;“Qi Xiang” is based on the poetic image,and it is the natural and vigorous image presented by the poetry;“Yin Jie” is based on the poetic language,and it is a full rhythmic and ideographic artistic language.A more practical and contextual understanding of the conceptual relationship and overall structure of Cang Lang Shi Hua can be acquired focusing on the penetrating view of “Ti Zhi” in poetry.

During the years before Franklin Roosevelt's “New Deal”, there was an vigorous publicity for soil conservation in the United States. In the progressive era,a few of the soil surveyors in the U. S. Department of Agriculture,especially Hugh Bennett,became to realize the problem of unparalleled soil erosion and its serious consequences. However,before the mid-1920s,the “discovery” of soil erosion problem had not been taken seriously. In Soil Erosion:A National Menace printed as a U. S. Department of Agriculture circular in 1928,Hugh Bennett sounded the alarm of tremendous evil of soil erosion in the United States:It not only caused serious economic losses,but also undermined the foundation of American freedom,peace and security,and even threatened the survival of American civilization. Bennett urged the federal government to take immediate actions against soil erosion to maintain national security. His influential publications attracted a great deal of public attention,and prompted successfully the federal government to take responsibility in soil conservation. The nation-wide publicity and education of soil conservation before the 1930s were the prelude and foundation of the national-scale soil conservation during the period of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

Primitive public ownership is based on consanguinity,and rejects it at the same time.It inherently negates but coexists with individual ownership in the reality.It endows people with freedom and equality while putting them in a universal hierarchical and dominant relationship.From the perspective of historical materialism,the three major contradictions of primitive public ownership are rooted in its main forming factor:consanguinity.As the forming foundation of primitive public ownership,the consanguinity itself is narrow with the result that it is obliged to determine its own tolerance for the population within the community based on the scale of the means of production,that it negates the independence of individual personality and cannot “suppress” natural factors' influence on the formation of primitive ownership,and that it contains both freedom and domination factors which impel freedom to produce the “external effect”.Therefore,under the productive forces in the primitive period,the primitive public ownership dominated by consanguinity contains structural internal contradictions.Explaining these contradictions from the perspective of historical materialism can both improve the basic principles of historical materialism and provide important enlightenment for us to understand the role of consanguinity in forming the ownership in human society.

It seems that Plato presents us with two different patterns of the soul.One is the ascent model that the Eros harmoniously ascends towards the Idea of the Beautiful,while the other is the conflict model between the rational part of the soul and the non-rational part of the desire and passion.There is no inherent paradox existing in the two different models,but the two models could be seen as two different ways of describing the same practical theme:the order or the logic of desire.Plato did not develop a systematic practical philosophy in the two mentioned dialogues,but the two dialogues serve as an irreplaceable metaphysical foundation for the practical philosophy:moral psychology,namely,the tripartite structure of the soul and the nature of Eros.The government of the reason is the best constitution for the individual soul,and the final goal of Eros is the contemplation of the Idea of the Beautiful.Only in the contemplation of the Idea of the Beautiful and the Good can we find our ultimate realization,while the rational part of the soul become free of the enslavement of passions and desires,finally obtaining individuals' sense of justice through the cultivation of philosophy and the love of intelligence.

The core idea of the modern monetary theory is that the government with sovereign currency will not face financial constraints,and the fiscal deficit is equal to the surplus of the non-government sector.Its policy suggestion is to expand government expenditure and implement employment guarantee schemes when there are idle resources.The essence of the modern monetary theory is that additional issuance of currency can obtain value directly.In most countries,the condition of increasing the value of currency is that the currency directly to the private sectors can promote production and consumption,and the currency advanced by the government for long-term investment can promote short-cycle production.The application of the modern monetary theory in China needs to choose the government expenditure plan according to the actual conditions,and the alternative path is to build a new socialist countryside and optimize the spatial distribution of production.

At present,China is in the stage of deepening population aging,and how to effectively deal with the impact of population aging on urban innovation has become an urgent problem to be solved in the process of promoting the high-quality development of China's economy.This paper analyzes the theoretical mechanism of population aging affecting urban innovation,and empirically examines the impact of population aging on urban innovation using national census data and population sample survey data.It is found that the deepening of population aging significantly inhibits urban innovation capacity,and this effect is particularly obvious in the cities in central and western regions and in the cities with lower levels of economic development,mainly because population aging affects urban innovation through the technology inhibition effect and the factor cost effect.The conclusions of this paper have implications for the promotion of high-level urban innovation and the synergy of policies to actively deal with population aging.