The theory “evil of human nature” has been the criticism focus on Xunzi by the later scholars of the Confucius school. When talk about the structure of human nature,Xunzi emphasized that person's actual activities and emotional requirements shall be subject to the mind and it choice. The rules controlled by mind decide the implementation ways and behavior principle,add positive (good)or negative (not good or evil)moral value and significance in practical situations,rather than cause behaviors directly from the good or evil nature. In view of Mencius's “theory of original goodness of human nature”,Xunzi raised “evil of human nature”,whose essence is to emphasize there is no “ready goodness” in human nature,rather than to illustrate human nature is essentially “evil”. Xunzi held that human beings should be regarded as the same kind,whose nature is named as “dao” or “li”,which provides the ultimate existence purpose for human beings. As the existence as a “kind”,human beings have the tendency to be good,because of the logical inevitability and teleological goodness. Therefore,it did not relay on the external force in politics and in moral,but advocated self-reliance to achieve the moral goal. Both the structure of human nature of “subject to the mind” and the teleological goodness of nature formed the overall connotation of Xunzi's theory of human nature.

Labor competency is not only the specific requirement of the party's all-round education policy in the new era, but also the critical component in the system of students' key competency. To clarify the scientific connotation and structure of labor competency is the primary issue to effectively promote the cultivation of it. Based on the practical requirements of labor education in China, through the analysis and comparison of relevant researches at home and abroad in terms of key competency, labor competency is considered to be the comprehensive performance of values, essential character and crucial ability which students gradually form during long-term labor education and practice in accordance with the needs of personal lifelong development and social development. It is characterized by nurturing, dynamic, and embodiment. The structural dimensions and main indicators of students' labor competency contain three indispensable and interrelated components: labor concept, labor ability, labor habit and character. In order to construct the training system of students' labor competency in primary schools, secondary schools and colleges in China, we should not only accurately grasp the connotation of labor competency in the new era in light of key competency, but also determine systematically the performance level of students' labor competency development on this basis, and measure its training effect by establishing and improving the monitoring and evaluation mechanism.

The filial piety thought in Xun Zi reflects the Confucian stance of governing the country with rules,and politics preceding ethics,but the tension between ethics and politics in the filial piety thought varies in different chapters of Xun Zi.In chapters before ‘You Zuo Chapter”,it is manifested in the macro political structure.Filial piety is the theme of life for ordinary people,while politics is the theme of life for the noble class including wise monarchs.After the ‘You Zuo Chapter’,this tension has been internalized into ideal personality of a wise monarch in two aspects of ethics and politics.Filial piety is an important constitute of a wise monarch,as well as a symbol of his outmost illustration in ethics and politics.This difference can be attributed to the further development of Xun Zi's thought by his following scholars,which is clearly manifested in the different emphases on filial piety in various chapters of Xun Zi,as well as his different political demands from Confucius and Mencius.However,bridging the division between politics and ethics by combining them into a wise monarch with ideal personality is only a solution in the theoretical sense,and it is not helpful to guide ordinary people to face with the dilemma.Therefore,an individual may sacrifice his life to realize the both aims of ethnics and politics as described in Han Shi Wai Zhuan(Unauthorized Biography on Poetry by HAN Ying),while Xiao Jing(The Book of Filial Piety) constructs legitimacy of politics from the universal ethical affection of filial piety.In this way,the scholars managed to bridge the division caused by the thought of “unification” in Xun Zi and return to the stance of Confucius and Mencius.

The Job Demands-Resources Model is a theoretical model to explore the effect of job characteristics on burnout and work engagement. With the accumulation of empirical research, this model is being constantly refined and developed. First, subdivide the job characteristics variables, differentiate the job demands into the challenge demands and the hindrance demands, and discuss their effects on outcome variables, while future research may try to subdivide job resources. Second, introduce individual characteristics such as personal resources (including optimistic, self-efficacy and organization-based self-esteem), resilience, psychological capital and professional competency, and we can try to supplement other types of personal resources, and also increase personal demands, motivation, values and other individual factors to enrich the existing variables in the future. Third, we can expand the internal and external variables of the organization, such as job crafting, organizational factors and family factors to expand the model structure. Fourth, we can improve the research methods, from cross-sectional research to two-point longitudinal study, and then to multi-point long-range longitudinal study to explore the evolution of the internal mechanism of the model over time.

Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD)is expected to occur after exposing to prolonged and repeatedinterpersonal traumatic events. Besides the core symptoms of PTSD,its symptoms includeaffective dysregulation,negative self-concept, and disturbances in relationships. The prevalence and construct of CPTSD in various culture has been assessed in a range of studies. The research found that the formation of CPTSD is not only associated with psychological processes such as the destruction of autonomy and loss of trust,but also may relate to the damage of brain areas of emotional functions. Currently,the three-phase-based treatment of CPTSD is an advocated and effective intervention. Future researches should explore the relationship between the complex trauma and CPTSD,clarify the concept and the applicability of the diagnostic tools in diverse cultural context,thoroughly analyze the causes and specific treatments for CPTSD.

The Chinese Nation has been formed,developed and expanded in the course of Chinese history.The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods to the Qin and Han Dynasties are its formative periods;the Wei-Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui-Tang Dynasties are its development periods;the Five Dynasties,the Liao,Song,Xia and Jin to the Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties are its expansion and consolidation periods;and since modern times,it has moved towards self-consciousness and great revitalization.The history and reality of the Chinese Nation show that it is a nation of greatness manifested in the world with its irrefutable historical reality and historical logic.

The May 4th New Culture Movement, an ideological enlightenment campaign aimed at criticizing the old culture and advocating the new one, went through three stages: commencement, climax and declining. The commencement stage was from the 1st issue of New Youth Magazine in September 1915 to the 4th issue of Volume 2 in December 1916, characterized by criticizing autocracy and superstition, propagating democracy and science. Its climax was from the 5th issue of volume 2 in January 1917 to the 6th issue of volume 7 in September 1920, in which a new culture group was formed, leading to the literary revolution and the breakout of May 4th movement in political perspective. Its declining one was from September 1920 to the end of 1926, characterized by the inner division of the new culture group. Partisan disputes replaced the enlightenment, and most intellectuals of this group went to the south to escape from the government persecution. With the disintegration of the new culture group in the trend of intellectuals' moving south, the New Culture Movement also came to an end.

Creative talents are crucial resources of independent development and the long?term strategic goal of talent cultivating for a country. Innovative competency is the key quality and concentrated reflection for a creative talent. Determining its connotation, pivotal indicators and specific performance level is the theoretical basis for cultivating and assessing the innovative competency of primary and secondary school students. In the framework of key competency, innovative competency refers to the practical ability, innovation consciousness and behavior formed in daily activities during the process of solving problems and adapting to challenges. In combination of international comparison and achievements in academic field, three pivotal indicators of innovative competency, namely problem solving, labor consciousness and technology application, are extracted, and the specific performance level of them in primary and secondary schools is refined based on researches of education policy, development science and international comparison. As for the current innovative competency of primary and secondary school students in China, it can be cultivated and evaluated from three aspects including strengthening problem solving and labor practice, reforming curriculum standards and courses, and implementing national monitoring and systematic assessment.

The “double reduction” policy aims to further reduce the excessive homework burden and after-school training burden of primary and secondary school students.Meanwhile,the introduction of “double reduction” has brought new opportunities to teacher professional development,helping enrich teachers' professional knowledge,and enhancing their professional ability as well as their professional beliefs.However,the “double reduction” policy has also brought new problems to the professional development of teachers.Teachers' professional ideals and beliefs need to be strengthened,the mechanisms of teacher incentive and management need to be improved,and the laws of teacher professional development need to be explored.As for the aspect of teachers' psychology,we should stimulate teachers' intrinsic motivation and improve the autonomy of their professional development.As to the aspect of school management,the management incentive should be strengthened and the autonomy in their professional development should be given to teachers.When it comes to the aspect of education policy,its guiding role should be optimized and the institutional guarantee should be perfected for teacher professional development.As far as theoretical research is concerned,scientific research should be reinforced and the theoretical guidance of teacher professional development should be promoted.

According to the report of the 20^th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,education is the basic and strategic support for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country in the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating our country through science and education.We should give priority to the development of education,speed up the construction of a powerful country in education,and do a good job in education that satisfies the people.The construction of an education power is the core goal and basic direction of our education reform and development.China always insists on prioritizing the education development and the education has entered the level of comprehensive popularization development.Our country gives a prioritized place to the construction of teachers,taking it into a comprehensive quality improvement stage.We always pay special attention to the education equity,bringing public education services into an equalization stage.We promote the reform of the system for running schools,and basically form a pattern of running schools by both public and private sectors.The Chinese education has entered the middle and upper level of world education development and people's sense of education attainment has been strengthened gradually.As a result,the construction of an education power has had a solid foundation.Evolving to the situation and the times,China's education reform has formed the basic principle of building a powerful country in China.In terms of system,we uphold the Party's overall leadership over education and serve the needs of the country and the people.In terms of direction,guided by ideological and political education,we insist on educating talented people for the Party and the country.In terms of standpoint,we adhere to the principle of taking people as the center and taking the people's demand as the driving force of education reform.In terms of value,we promote the balanced development of high-quality education and build a system of both fairness and excellence.In terms of methods,the comprehensive reform of education is taken as the starting point to construct the system of legal guarantee of education.We promote the modernization of Chinese education,build a high-quality education system,and move from a big country to a powerful country in education.We must adhere to the Party's overall leadership in education,adhere to the strategy of giving priority to the development of education,take people's satisfaction as the orientation of education,comprehensively strengthen the ideological and political education,and deepen the comprehensive reform in the field of education.

China's economy has entered a stage of high-quality development. Examining the effects of family socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement is beneficial for identifying the imbalanced and inadequate development in the field of basic education and providing empirical evidences for education policymaking on disadvantaged students and urban-rural education balance. Based on PISA2018 China sample data, family SES is significantly correlated with juvenile students' reading performance, and this correlation is the greatest among low SES students; compared with the SES at the individual level, the effects of school average SES on reading performance is obviously greater; among indicators of SES, father's occupational status and education level, as well as mother's occupational status make major contribution to reading performance. In the future, the government should further promote education equity, especially the targeted assistance for disadvantaged young students, and also strengthen the vocational education and training for their parents. In addition, it is advisable to improve the enrollment policy of primary and secondary schools, optimizing the structure of school students, so that disadvantaged students can have the opportunity to study in schools with higher average school SES.

The study of key competences aims at building a comprehensive education system to promote college students' all-rounded development. A theoretic exploration on approaches to the research about the key competence will provide reference for other relevant researches in the future. The theoretical perspective of the key competence already transferred from the traditional ability-based perspective to an integrated one. This transition placed more emphasis on the ability of problem solving in real-world situations, which not only focus on the developmental outcome of the key competence but also on the process of competences. As for the research theoretic framework, it has already shifted from the research outcome to systematic views internationally, which integrates the goal of education with education practices based on the key competence. The construction of the key competence mainly involves the top-level design, theoretical research, empirical investigation, result integration and validity verification and the five elements mentioned above correlated to each other. Future research should from a systematic view be based on the whole framework of the key competence with more evidence from follow-up studies. The study of the key competence should also include students' developmental needs through the whole research.

School climate was widely recognized as one of the key school characteristics that can reflect students' school experiences in all aspects.There has been a growing interest in school climate in the recent few decades.Therefore,it was of great significance to systematically review the research of school climate on its definition,measurement and its relationship with students' development.As a complex multi-faceted construct,school climate was defined as a kind of organizational climate,a kind of social environment and the social-psychological climate of school from three perspectives.A number of studies have extensively examined the direct effects on student's development and the interaction effects of the overall school climate.All the findings confirmed the close positive connection between school climate and students' development.The differential effects of school climate on developmental outcomes for different student groups were also found,which was mainly reflected in the protective effect of a good school climate on disadvantaged students and the intensifying effect of a negative school climate on the adverse development of disadvantaged students.In future researches on the school climate,we should pay attention to evaluating it as a multi-dimensional dynamic variable,constructing hierarchical models and multiple factors interactions model to deeply explore the mechanism underlying the association between school climate and student development,and implementing evidence-based intervention studies.

Scientific Literacy is a key part of core competency for individual development.Based on the framework of core competency of students in China,the paper aims to reveal the complicate connotation and structures of scientific literacy by focusing on the historical views as well as the international comparison and analysis.We conclude that scientific literacy is a comprehensive concept with holistic,developmental situational and dynamic features.Moreover,rational thinking,critical capability and scientific inquiry are its key components.Scientific educational reform in future should start from the connotation and structure of the scientific literacy.Special attention should be paid to the cultivation of critical thinking and education mode of scientific inquiry.Chinese scientific literacy assessing mechanism should also be improved to fit into the current situation and cultural features of China.

The in-depth study of the XI Jinping's important exposition on the goal of “ensuring people's access to childcare” shows a vital significance. The theoretical connotation profoundly clarifies the following three core questions:what is the goal of “ensuring people's access to childcare”;why is it necessary to ensure people's access to childcare;how to promote children's development.That is to said,it advocates all children from 0 to 6 years old should fully enjoy inclusive and high-quality childcare and education.It adheres to the people-centered principle and meets the people's expectations for childcare,and promotes the early development of preschool children's health,sense of morality,creativity and labor outlook.There are four major paths to reach the goal of “ensuring people's access to childcare” according to the XI Jinping's significant exposition:underlining the construction of household schooling to lay a solid family foundation,reinforcing the teacher team construction in nurseries and kindergartens to consolidate the support of talented people,increasing the financial investment in childcare to security its material guarantee,constructing a quality resource system of ensuring people's access to childcare with the education evaluation reform as impetus.

“How should one live”, or “what is a good life”, is the core question in the Socratic Ethics and is the fundamental horizon in Socrates' philosophical concern. Through a series of asking and answering, elenchus and reprimand, the general picture of the “good life” was gradually clarified. Firstly, “good life” starts from pursuing the virtues, which can be called “the turn of virtue”, for instance, the turn from the care of the external natural things to the care of internal virtues of the soul. Secondly, “good life” starts with knowing the true self, which is the rationality, and it doesn't exist in the sensitive world of becoming, but in the world of being or true substances based on the rationality. Thirdly, Socrates doesn't consider the “good life” and the virtues as technical knowledge, because all techniques or arts are neutral in values and ambivalent, which can be used both for good or bad purposes, but the knowledge of “good life” and virtues can only be applied to good purposes and absolutely lead to the good. Fourthly, “good life” necessitates the practical wisdom, because the wisdom is a kind of comprehensive understanding or general grasp of all kinds of human values and goods in all circumstances. However, the human wisdom is so limited that they cannot obtain complete knowledge on the inner relations of all things; therefore, Socrates persists in the doctrine of “knowing the fact of ignorance”.

The chapter entitled with “The 24th Year of Duke Xi” in Zuo zhuan recorded a historical incident that Prince Zang,the son of the Duke Wen of the Zheng State,was killed by his father for his “Hao Ju Yu Guan” (indulgence in collecting high-rank hats).LIU Xiang,ZHENG Xuan and other scholars advocating the traditional ritual considered “Yu Guan” to be an inappropriate costume,and Prince Zang was killed by violating the ritual.But YAN Shigu of the Tang Dynasty offered a different viewpoint by interpreting “Hao Ju Yu Guan” as “getting people who know astronomy together and trying to conspire something”,the real reason for the incident.The different understandings of “Hao Ju Yu Guan” cause the different historical interpretations.However,they all accepted the rationality of Tso Chuan's historical narrative,which is the combination of narration and analysis with the distinctive feature of taking rituals as priority.Prince Zang's death for violating ritual should be viewed as the historical research of Zuo zhuan's author,but not as the objective record of history.Regarding the historical background of Duke Wen of the Zheng State's killing and exiling his sons,the real cause should be the political conflict between father and sons,and “Hao Ju Yu Guan” is an excuse only.

Childhood maltreatment refers to all behaviors that may result in actual or potential harm to children's health,survival,development or dignity by those who have the right to raise,supervise and control them.The occurrence of childhood maltreatment is influenced jointly by factors about children,parents and family,as well as socio-culture.Indeed,due to its high prevalence along with serious and persistent adverse effects,childhood maltreatment has become a public health problem worldwide.From the perspective of childhood maltreatment,this paper systematically discusses its negative effects on adolescents' internalizing(e.g.,anxiety/depression,recoil,and somatic complains) and externalizing(e.g.,aggressive and delinquent behaviors) mental health problems.Moreover,based on Young's schema theory,the authors further elucidate the mediating role of maladaptive cognition of self and others in their interaction.Finally,countermeasures and intervention strategies in terms of adolescent internalizing and externalizing mental health problems are proposed:First,check erroneous ideas at the outset.It is necessary to establish a harmonious parent-child relationship and cut down childhood maltreatment.Second,better late than never.Practitioners should further explore protective factors,improving adolescents' physiological resilience and helping them to build positive peer relationships.The third is about the top-level design.We should give full play to the role of cultural soft power and strengthen the correct guidance of public opinion.

During the reign of Möngke Khan,the investigation in Kublai Khan's fief,led by Alandar,was a major political event in Mongol Empire.It was deemed as a fiscal audit taken by Mongolian conservatives who stressed the importance of native elements to curb the rising power of Kublai Khan who supported Han culture.However,in terms of its institutional origin,this event differed from traditional fiscal audit or public financial supervision in Tang or Song dynasty,and in contrast,it revealed many characteristics of yārghū judiciary led by the Mongolian judges called Jarghuchis.In this way,the so-called fiscal audit institution was actually the yārghū court.Alandar investigation served as a judicial procedure through which the central government examined possible corruption and misconduct of high-ranking officials appointed by Kublai Khan’ s vassals within Henan and Shanxi.Jarghuchis of Mongol Empire played a crucial role in this political conflict between Möngke and Kublai.