In terms of the current situation of gender gap in compulsory educationglobally, boys and girls have basically gained equal opportunities in enrollment, but their learning conditions are not the same, which is reflected in teaching materials, teaching and learning process. As for learning outcomes, there are also differences in cognitive and non-cognitive output between male and female students. These gender gaps are closely related to learners' non-intellectual factors and gender role cognitions, family socio-economic and cultural backgrounds together with gender concepts, school resources and equipment along with teachers' behavior and views, social gender culture and participation system. In this regard, countries, organizations and scholars around the world have put forward a series of countermeasures in gender culture shaping, government programs planning, early childhood intervention, teacher training and school management to narrow the gender gap among students. Although China has achieved gender equity at the starting point of education, there is still gender gap in the dimension of education process and result. Therefore, our society, government, family and school should actively take measures to promote gender equity in compulsory education.

China's economy has entered a stage of high-quality development. Examining the effects of family socioeconomic status (SES) on academic achievement is beneficial for identifying the imbalanced and inadequate development in the field of basic education and providing empirical evidences for education policymaking on disadvantaged students and urban-rural education balance. Based on PISA2018 China sample data, family SES is significantly correlated with juvenile students' reading performance, and this correlation is the greatest among low SES students; compared with the SES at the individual level, the effects of school average SES on reading performance is obviously greater; among indicators of SES, father's occupational status and education level, as well as mother's occupational status make major contribution to reading performance. In the future, the government should further promote education equity, especially the targeted assistance for disadvantaged young students, and also strengthen the vocational education and training for their parents. In addition, it is advisable to improve the enrollment policy of primary and secondary schools, optimizing the structure of school students, so that disadvantaged students can have the opportunity to study in schools with higher average school SES.

Creative talents are crucial resources of independent development and the long?term strategic goal of talent cultivating for a country. Innovative competency is the key quality and concentrated reflection for a creative talent. Determining its connotation, pivotal indicators and specific performance level is the theoretical basis for cultivating and assessing the innovative competency of primary and secondary school students. In the framework of key competency, innovative competency refers to the practical ability, innovation consciousness and behavior formed in daily activities during the process of solving problems and adapting to challenges. In combination of international comparison and achievements in academic field, three pivotal indicators of innovative competency, namely problem solving, labor consciousness and technology application, are extracted, and the specific performance level of them in primary and secondary schools is refined based on researches of education policy, development science and international comparison. As for the current innovative competency of primary and secondary school students in China, it can be cultivated and evaluated from three aspects including strengthening problem solving and labor practice, reforming curriculum standards and courses, and implementing national monitoring and systematic assessment.

Labor competency is not only the specific requirement of the party's all-round education policy in the new era, but also the critical component in the system of students' key competency. To clarify the scientific connotation and structure of labor competency is the primary issue to effectively promote the cultivation of it. Based on the practical requirements of labor education in China, through the analysis and comparison of relevant researches at home and abroad in terms of key competency, labor competency is considered to be the comprehensive performance of values, essential character and crucial ability which students gradually form during long-term labor education and practice in accordance with the needs of personal lifelong development and social development. It is characterized by nurturing, dynamic, and embodiment. The structural dimensions and main indicators of students' labor competency contain three indispensable and interrelated components: labor concept, labor ability, labor habit and character. In order to construct the training system of students' labor competency in primary schools, secondary schools and colleges in China, we should not only accurately grasp the connotation of labor competency in the new era in light of key competency, but also determine systematically the performance level of students' labor competency development on this basis, and measure its training effect by establishing and improving the monitoring and evaluation mechanism.

There is a thought-provoking question in the study of Chinese and Western aesthetics: Are there any compatible conceptual grounds for these two aesthetic traditions to engage in dialogues? Among numerous Chinese and Western aesthetic thinkers, LIU Xie and F. W. J. Schelling are two outstanding representatives. Born in different times and growing up with diverse cultural traditions, they absorb various philosophical and aesthetic thoughts in art. However, their artistic views embody core ideas in Chinese and Western aesthetic traditions. By conducting a comparative study of their artistic appeals, we can find that they have expressed comparable and even amazingly similar ideas on artistic creation, creative inspiration, the relationships between nature and art, divinity and art, form and content, representation and interpretation, etc. Their profound insights have transcended the differences in cultural traditions and aesthetic awareness and touched deep dimensions of human aesthetic consciousness, hence capable of constructing a common ground for dialogues between Chinese and Western traditions and envisioning the possibility of a global aesthetic theory.

Since Drunkard Pavilion Records was published in Qingli six years (1046 AD) of the Northern Song Dynasty, the lofty reputation of the prose has overweighed dissents and criticisms in the history of acceptance. Its comical style, which contains many profound connotations, is an important point that has not been paid much attention to and explained thoroughly. From a stylistic perspective, this view reveals the technique of the prose, which “takes the prose as Fu(赋) literature” and “takes the prose as the travel notes”, and reflects conflicts between two stylistic concepts of unstandardized form and style-respect. When it comes to individual feeling, OUYANG Xiu intends to break through the stylistic boundaries of “ancient prose” and “contemporary prose”, merges parallel prose and prose, and inherits HAN Yu's tradition of “Playing on Literature” (Treating essay writing as a game). He combines gravity in humor and deliberately highlights the sensation of “joy”. By reconciling the suffering of life, OUYANG shows political frustration and efforts to transcend the misery. The breakthrough of stylistic boundaries and the blending of joy and sorrow are rooted in OUYANG's painful experience in the Northern Song Dynasty Parties struggle, and also accord with the common experience of ancient Chinese intellectuals. The vivid physical features and deep emotional tension endow this work with the nature of literary classics.

XIN Qiji is the most outstanding poet of the Song Dynasty.Openings of his poems often resemble the protruding peaks which are gripping; endings are full of metaphors and symbols with profound meaning. He is expert in coining bizarre words. Though his dictions, one can “see unusualness in ordinary characters, excitement in common characters, novelty in old characters, and color in plain characters”. The contents, forms, and methods of the antithesis in his lyrics are rich and varied, and he is especially good at creating a “joint force” effect in the antithesis via opening and closing, pros and cons, rise and fall, showing fresh and profound sentimental meaning. XIN Qiji's parallelism also shows the superb art. The beauty of imagery, music, symmetry and unevenness is vividly expressed. However, just as the jade has slight flaws, very few works of XIN Qiji have not been polished word by word, resulting in redundant repetition. GU Sui's comment that XIN's work “is meticulous and unrestrained, integrated and unbroken” is pertinent.

The dying out of Shang Dynasty is a catastrophe in ancient Chinese history. Scholars in successive dynasties have paid close attention to the causes of the disaster and formed various opinions. A major historical event usually results from multiple reasons. According to the comprehensive analysis of literature materials, the loss of Wei Yi in Yan should be one of the vital causes that were ignored in the past. Yan refers to Yan Li, a kind of special rite, and Wei Yi is the religious and political norm of Shang Dynasty, which combines sanctity and legitimacy. The loss of Wei Yi in Yan uproots the foundation of Shang Dynasty, leading to the crisis of internal strife, and finally to the dying out. It has a lot to do with King Zhou's supreme conceit. LI Si once summarized that the King overlooked minor mistakes and pursued pleasure all day long, bringing about the final destruction, which requires our attention.

The tradition-modernity theory and impact-response theory are usually seen as the mainstream of modern new historiography. However, both modernization and revolutionary history paradigms concentrate on modernity which regards contradictions and conflicts between ancient and modern, China and the West as the main aspects. In contrast, as one of the masterpieces of historiography during anti-Japanese War, QIAN Mu's The Outline of National History answers realistic questions with historical thinking, and advocates to maintain and continue Chinese historical tradition, which makes complementary achievement. This is largely attributed to the unique perspective and rationale of the book. Firstly, it reviews Chinese historical traditions based on culture: China's vitality lies in its culture, and the modern China still needs to seek breakthroughs at the basis of developing its inherent cultural traditions. Secondly, it explains Chinese history from the perspective of integration: Chinese culture has grown through integration and becomes long lasting through fusion, which relies on culture rather than force. Modern China is still in the process of accepting critically foreign cultures and developing rapidly. The Outline of National History refutes the voice of “Stagnant China”, “Authoritarian China”, “Feudalistic China”, demonstrates China's tradition of unification, peace and the constant tendency towards equalization. It has inspired the patriotism of Chinese people and strengthened their belief of wining in anti-Japanese War. The rational of this book in addressing problems provides enlightenment for people nowadays.

From the autumn and winter of 1928 to the spring of 1929, a plague occurred in Suiyuan. In 1918, there was also a very serious plague in this region, but their results were radically different from each other. That is because although the epidemic in 1928 spread in the early stage, it was controlled effectively with the support of the Ministry of Health after the establishment of the provincial administration which was transformed from a special region. In view of the outbreak, authorities of Suiyuan established a special epidemic prevention system network at the provincial and local levels, and the main leading personnel of the province went to the front line of epidemic prevention for investigation and guidance. Relying on and making use of the technology, advice, medicines and other important resources supplied by epidemic prevention experts sent by the Ministry of Health, the provincial authorities also formulated scientific, strict and effective epidemic prevention and treatment policies, such as banning digging rat food, disinfection, medical treatment, isolation, publicity and so on, which constrained the plague in a “dot” without wide spread and finally wiped out this epidemic in early March 1929. The most noteworthy aspects in its governance can be summarized as “the harmonious cooperation of people”, “the peaceful and stable environment” and “the scientific prevention and control”.

Althusser's deconstruction on materialist dialectics is also the construction of his own thoughts. His deconstruction ideas are as follows. 1) The “negation of negation” is the pillar of Hegel's philosophy of history. Althusser believes that Marx establishes his science of philosophy after abandoning the “negation of negation”; 2) “Transformation of quantity into quality” is actually the transformation between “quality” and “quality”, namely, the transformation between different structures. Lack of recognition to the concept of “structure”, Hegel assumes that the accumulation of quantity causes the qualitative “leap”; 3) His contradiction theory of multiple decisions decouples “identity of opposites” from Hegel's contradiction theory. The essence of this view is to revive the vitality of multiple heterogeneous factors under a dominant structure and give birth to the “confrontation” theory which replaces the traditional concept of contradiction. After abolishing dialectics, Althusser creates a new kind of materialist dialectics based on “singularity”, that is, “dialectics of tendency”. Such “dialectics of tendency” takes the individual's freedom as the starting point and also as the goal, and it provides theory for constructing the new political form which guarantees people's liberation through realistic situation.

Hume discusses human emotions and their occurrence from the natural innate structure of human. For Hume, the sense of happiness and bitterness is the most primitive emotion, which originates from the natural structure of human beings. From the natural structure of human beings and the sense of bitterness and happiness, a series of passions emerge. Human emotions determined by human deep natural structure are the motivation of human actions. Reason is not the motivation of behavior, and it only explores the relationship between cause and result. Reason alone is not enough to produce any behavior. At the same time, reason is the discovery of truth and falsehood. Therefore, rational judgment is not moral judgment, and rationality cannot find out the moral meaning of human behavior. Virtue and vice are the objects of moral emotion. The inner structure of human nature, or moral feeling, makes us distinguish good from evil. In Hume's naturalistic theory of emotions, sympathy, a theory of emotional resonance between people, plays a pivotal role. Hume believes that because of similar or identical structures of human nature, the happiness of others will stimulate our happiness, and the pain of others will cause our pain. However, when he says that the happiness of the rich would cause our happiness, he hardly considers the feeling of the poor. This is the problem of his explanation about sympathy from the natural structure. Besides, Hume focuses on the emotion of mercy, and puts forward the emotion theory of benevolence through the analysis of mercy.

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has opened a new chapter for China to enter a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and has put forward a new expression of the transformation of major social contradiction with great historical adaptability, time tension and overall importance. Different from western welfare countries, under the background of the transformation of main social contradiction, the development of China's social security system is not about the issue of the system itself, but the issue of how the system construction adapts to the transformation of the times. With the networking of social operation mode, the diversification of social risks, the decentralization of social rights, the stratification of social identity and the high-end of social welfare, China should always adhere to the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, give full play to the advantages of the socialist system, take root at the basic level, and explore the road of social security development that condenses Chinese wisdom. Based on the deep understanding of the transformation of main social contradiction, the theory of social security system should pay more attention to social cooperation on the basis of state responsibility, stress social empowerment on the basis of respecting rights, underline risk prevention and control on the basis of social assistance, and promote the transformation of the security object from being regarded as a burden to a resource to be developed. It is supposed to show concern for the basic function of social security and also emphasize economic and social development more. The optimization direction of the social security system under the transformation of main social contradiction should be demand-oriented, risk-based and aimed at common benefit. At the same time, it ought to be committed to increasing social services, highlighting the spiritual and cultural needs, and carrying out the precise design and implementation of the system.

Intergenerational raising is usually a rational choice for workers to increase their family income. However, in the labor market, the causal relationship and micro-mechanism of income increase through intergenerational raising has yet to be confirmed. Findings of empirical research based on “China Employer-Employee Survey” (CEES) are as follows. First, results of the benchmark regression show that the wages of labors in the sample with intergenerational raising are significantly higher than that of the sample without it. Second, using instrumental variables such as short-term extended working hours (overtime work) and long-term human capital accumulation (promotion) to analyze the effect mechanism of intergenerational raising on income increase, we find the latter is stronger. Third, intergenerational raising has a more significant impact on the labor income of non-agricultural households and those with higher education levels (college degree or above). It is suggested that intergenerational raising does help workers relieve the pressure of parenting and give them the opportunity to obtain higher income. From the perspective of maximizing the effectiveness of family's goal through decision making and intergenerational support, the existence of intergenerational raising is reasonable, which also reflects the modern inheritance of traditional culture of intergenerational support in Chinese families. On the other hand, we should also be aware of a series of social problems. The feasible solution to these problems is using stable social policies and sufficient market service supply to replace the unstable grandparents' intergenerational support. As for social policy, it is essential to formulate a child friendly family policy whose key is to formulate a flexible labor employment policy, extend the maternity leave appropriately, implement the full coverage of male companying childbirth, and encourage parents to actively participate in the care of their children. As for market service supply, the community can be encouraged to unite with social service institutions to carry out community activities for both grandparents and grandchildren in families with intergenerational raising, which can optimize the child rearing environment and better meet the aspirations of the elderly for a better life.