Adam Smith's labor-value theory takes handicraft capitalism as the background,highlighting the relationship between market subjects.David Ricardo's labor-value theory takes capitalist machine industry as the background and emphasizes the economic significance of the socialization process of exchange relationship,but he only understands the connotation of this socialization process from the economic dimension of price competition.Marx's transcendence of Smith and Ricardo's classical economics has experienced the development process from humanism to historical materialism.From the perspective of the internal contradiction of socio-economic form,he not only broke the simple economic thinking of classical economics,but also surpassed the humanist criticism of fetishism,promoting the capitalist critical theory to a new academic level.Thus,there is an essential difference in philosophical methodology between Marx's historical materialism and social materialism,and the former understands economic facts from the perspective of historical social form.

Gramsci's philosophy of praxis returns to the dialectical nature of Marxism,establishes an overall organic view such as connection,coherence,generativeness and historicity under the rational dialectics.It examines everything in the organic relationship and dynamic process,which is reflected in the following aspects:The first is to follow the holistic view of dialectics to transcend the binary opposition between the old materialism and the idealism,and insist on the organic unity of subject and object,theory and practice.The second is to regard society as an organism,based on the changed reality of the capitalist society,emphasizing the intersecting of political society and civil society,and the dialectical interaction between economic base and superstructure.The third is to regard the organic intellectuals as the intermediary between the proletarian party and the masses,so as to seize the cultural leadership,and at the same time attach importance to the acquisition of economic and political leadership,and maintaining the totality position of leadership.

As the first-level discipline,the history and building of the Communist Party of China (CPC) should pay attention to the organic integration of the Party history and the Party building,rationally set the research directions,enhance the research on the Marxist party theory,the sinicized party building theory system of Marxism,the Party history,the new China history,the reform and opening up history,the history of socialism,Party leadership and the theory and practice of Party building.Disciplinary construction should follow the basic principles and requirements,like integrity and innovation,the unity of knowledge and action,the grand view of history and appropriateness.It should promote the construction of the discipline system,academic system and discourse system of the history and the building of the CPC.

The first-level discipline construction of the history and building of the Communist Party of China should pursue high-quality development based on the better development of the two second-level disciplines－the Party history and the Party building,focusing on the teaching staff,talent cultivation and academic research.Teachers should be gathered through the implementation of the top-level design,such as the establishment of the school of Party history and Party building,and the scale of teachers adheres to the principle of convolution development,paying attention to both its quality and quantity and expanding the space for academic expression to create a good atmosphere for teachers.Next,to coordinate the integration of undergraduate,master and doctoral training,build a good curriculum system and textbook system,and improve the quantity and quality of talent training are also important.Finally,it is supposed to carry out organized academic research,integrate multi-disciplinary academic research and conduct integrated academic research,improve the level and quality of academic research,and pursue excellent academic works.The trinity construction is made to realize the high-quality development of the discipline of the history and building of the Communist Party of China.

The United States Agency for International Development has further increased their efforts to provide educational assistance to Africa,showing a trend of expanding its aid scale and enriching its aid projects since the beginning of the 21st century.In order to improve the effect of educational aid to Africa,the United States Agency for International Development continuously optimizes its own operation mechanism as follows:formulating detailed strategic plans to lead the direction of educational aid;reforming aid process and organizational structure to promote implementation of projects;establishing a dynamic monitoring and evaluation mechanism to strengthen the feedback of aid results;strengthening financial and technical support to ensure the supply of aid resources.U.S.educational aid to Africa is not just for humanitarian purposes.Its action logic is based on the national democratic system,liberal values and Christian traditions,and at the same time originates from a rational choice concerning interests of national security,economic development and international influence,and ultimately shows the pragmatic logic tendency of the balanced practice of “democracy” and “hegemony” in its strategic practice of external educational aid.

In recent years,global education governance has become a new hot topic in education.As a major subject of global education governance,based on the aid-receiving experience of its own,the Korean government regards some notions like “giving back to the international community”,“exporting Korean experience”,“building a globalized country” and “fostering global citizens” as its conceptual foundation of global education governance.Guided by those notions,the Korean government has been participating in global education governance by actively disseminating the concepts of international organizations to fulfill global-citizen education,exporting Korean vocational education experience,establishing an international education-aid system for “global common good”, supplying talents to international institutions at various levels,and cultivating citizens' sense of global responsibility.A unique paradigm,characterized by coupling the values of national and global interests,constructing a multi-path and comprehensive system,and cultivating a national consensus,has formed.

The number of private universities in Japan accounts for three-fourths of the total of universities in Japan,and the number of their enrolled students accounts for about 80 percent of the students in the country,occupying a large proportion of the higher education in Japan.The formation of this pattern has its historical origins before the war and has been influenced by a combination of factors in postwar Japanese society.Baptized by the tide of the times,the Japanese private duo Keio University and Waseda University represent the transformation process of traditional private schools and law schools,and their function in shaping the Japanese nation as a whole is very obvious.After the Second World War,Japan,especially since the 1960s,witnessed a period of booming private universities,with a large number of private universities being founded and absorbing a growing number of students.However,in terms of the private-university development direction,the Japanese government has made some adjustments like enforcing their connection with the local community,which emphasizes their orientation of practical learning.Nowadays,the vast majority of private universities in Japan have no longer pursued a “big and comprehensive” management philosophy,and turn to pursue a style of being “small and excellent”.As a result,this has formed a differential pattern with the national universities and public universities.The development of private colleges and universities in China can learn a lot from it.The most important experience is to make private colleges and universities and public universities build up a stable system of different orientations to promote their healthy development respectively.But at the same time,it is supposed to learn from their lesson and prevent some problems arising in the transformation period.

Although Confucius said that he would create no works and only inherit and interpret the classics,his core thought is not constructed by interpreting.His way of constructing discourse is completely different from that of later generations whose ideas are based on classics.The Analects of Confucius exist few remarks on the Six Classics made by Confucius.His key ideas are not derived from explanation of the Classics.The construction of Confucian core theory results from thinking about many problems in life,such as realistic politics,society and self,etc.It is derived from his individual life experience,developed in the conversation with his disciples,established by the recording and compiling by his disciples,and characterized by being dependent from the classics,independent thinking and establishing his own ideas.Confucius is a master of thought more than a learned scholar in The Analects of Confucius.He develops his ideas from self-recognition and self-expectation to the pursuit of ideal personality in a universal sense.His thoughts about the balance of “benevolence” and “cognition” in personality are of vital significance.And his consistent approach is to base “thinking” on the “outlook”.The special trait of Confucian “utterances” is all about thinking and issue-discussing,and “recorded sayings” has the function of ideological construction.Compiling analects is an important way of constructing Confucian thoughts and producing knowledge.

The short-chapter texts of the Spring and Autumn history widely circulated in the Warring States society constitute the direct source of the chronicle Zuozhuan.The examples of unearthed documents prove that the “initial Zuozhuan” before the chronicle Zuozhuan can be understood as the “Shiyu” texts of the Spring and Autumn history in the form of scattered compilation.The appellation and connotation of the “Shiyu” originate from the historical context of the Warring States period and the Qin and Han society rather than the general appellation in the contemporary academic circle.When the editors of Zuozhuan chose and processed the texts of the Spring and Autumn history,in addition to “split texts ” and “integrated texts ”,there are also linked texts and modified texts,so that it is in sequence and systematic,and thus can show its own value judgment.At the same time,the completion of Zuozhuan is also a process in which the writing subject of the Spring and Autumn history is transferred from the historians to the Confucian scholars through various schools of thought.

MAO Zedong made a rigorous study and judgement about the nature and development of the July 7th Incident in order to well respond to it.He pointed out that the July 7th Incident marked the beginning of Japan launching an all-out war of aggression against China,the starting point of the whole nation of China fighting the war of resistance,and the beginning of a new period of the New Democratic Revolution.He suggested that the Communist Party of China should adjust its strategy and make the corresponding policy based on the specific situation of the Incident,and that the Party should take SUN Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People and Ten Programs for Anti-Japanese war and National Salvation as the common program of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China,developing the nationwide war of resistance into an all-out war.In order to ensure the political leadership of the Communist Party of China,he put forward to develop the Anti-Japanese National United Front as slogan,and build a Democratic Republic as strategy.Under his leadership,the Communist Party of China not only established the Anti-Japanese National United Front,but also carried out the great anti-Japanese war and ensured its victory.

After the Ming-Qing dynastic transition,some unofficial scholars switched their academic camp from the Yangming school to Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism.This paper argues that some officials in the early Qing Dynasty absorbed the quintessence of non-governmental Neo-Confucian learning through their scholarly or social contacts,and then introduced it inside and outside the court and official circles.Through memorial communication and classic lectures to the Emperor Kangxi,Wei Yijie,Xiong Cilv and other officials guided the Emperor Kangxi's favor for the Confucian learning to the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism,and made it Confucian orthodoxy.Consequently,the court's cultural cultivation shifted from the ritual performance like Confucian worshiping ceremony to a more practical emphasis on the Dao.The Neo-Confucian scholars in the early Qing Dynasty generally strived for practice as well as “stayed humble and reverence”,and probed into Neo-Confucian principle.However,the Emperor Kangxi's interpretation emphasized more on its “statecraft” and “loyalty”.Hence,the court's Confucianism and its orthodoxy were only a matter of cultural policy,but not a scholarly faith.Moreover,the contemporary interpretation of the Confucian orthodoxy was completely dominated by the imperial court in the post mid-Kangxi period.As the court turned its emphasis of Confucian learning to the Dao,which was merged with the statecraft,this reflected the process of the court's acceptation and differentiation of unofficial scholars' perceptions.

Under the new development pattern,the “double circulation” is the active choice for China's reform and opening-up to promote each other in the new stage of development.The main reason lies in the fact that the internal conditions of China's economy have undergone fundamental changes,and it has the objective conditions to start and smooth the great domestic cycle.Its internal logic lies in the productivity screening effect and learning effect caused by opening competition,and in the regional comparative advantage and new international competitive advantage brought by institutional innovation.The relationship between the opening to the outside world and the formation of a unified domestic market is not a simple linear one,but with the increasing degree of opening to the outside world,it shows a trend of decreasing first and then increasing -- that is,at the present stage,excessive reliance on opening to the outside world will aggravate the segmentation of the domestic market and hinder the smooth flow of domestic economy. Under the background of “double circulation”,the coastal areas and the domestic regions along the “One Belt and One Road” should expand the export scale,adjust the import structure,adopt the substitute elements circulating in the domestic market,and promote the “internal circulation” by “external circulation”,which will be conducive to promoting the unification of the domestic market.

This paper takes foreign investment as the entry point to study the different mechanisms of expanding high-level opening to the outside world on enterprise innovation performance and growth. It is found that the foreign investment promotes the enterprise growth and helps firms to survive in a competitive market,but it has a “double-edged sword” effect on enterprises' innovation output.The foreign investment will,to a certain extent,promote enterprise innovation,but over-reliance on foreign investment can weaken enterprises' ability to innovate on their own and hinder their high-quality development.These relationships are significantly influenced by the knowledge acquisition patterns of enterprises.The internal research and development contributes to the positive impact of foreign investment on the enterprise growth,and improves the relationship between foreign investment and enterprise innovation.Technology introduction contributes positively to the relationship between foreign investment and growth,but enhances the negative impact of foreign investment on innovation performance.

The core connotation of high-quality Belt and Road cooperation is to build it into a “Road of Innovation”. Chinese enterprises' direct investment in the Belt and Road has the dual technical effects of reverse technology spillover to themselves and technology spillover to the enterprises in the countries along the Belt and Road. On the one hand,it can promote the innovation ability of Chinese enterprises through six effects such as research-and-development spillover,imitation and follow,economies of scale,self-selection,resource filling,and backward linkage.On the other hand,it can also promote the technological progress of the enterprises in the countries along the Belt and Road by three effects such as learning,competition and personnel mobility. Therefore,the basic strategy to promote high-quality Belt and Road cooperation is to uphold the principles of innovation-driven development,joint contribution and shared benefits,and build a B&R innovation and production community with China as its hub.

In the context of rapid social and economic reform,countries across the world attach great importance to cultivating students' labor competency in their educational practice to meet the needs of personal lifelong development and social development.The research and practice of labor competency evaluation of primary and secondary school students mainly involve three aspects,including the connotation of labor competency,evaluation indicators and evaluation methods.First,in terms of the connotation,there is an international consensus that the labor competency is the comprehensive performance of labor attitudes,values,character,knowledge and skills.Second,as for the evaluation indicators,all the countries pay universal attention to the indicators of the crucial labor ability (e.g.,labor knowledge,labor skills,innovation and creation),labor spirit and character (e.g.,devotion,diligence,and thrift),and some countries set special stress on the evaluation of labor attitudes and values (e.g.,respect for labor,beliefs in the personal value of labor,and the beliefs in the social value of labor).Third,the evaluation methods have the characteristics of combined process-oriented and summative assessment,comprehensive multiple methods,and integrative multiple evaluation subjects.The above implications for the evaluation of primary and secondary school students' labor competency include strengthening the evaluation of labor value experience and recognition to improve the labor competency,establishing a systematic evaluation tool to improve the operability of evaluation,and using value-added assessment to assess the effect of competency cultivation.

The mental health in China is booming under the guidance of the government.There is an urgent need for scientific and accurate assessment of the population's mental health status and for the provision of timely and effective mental health interventions and treatment services.However,traditional mental health assessment and intervention methods have limitations in its accuracy,timeliness and effectiveness.In recent years,the rapid development of artificial intelligence and big data technology has promoted the intelligentization of mental health services.This intelligentization process can ensure the evaluation and intervention in mental health conditions from a more ecological and convenient perspective,effectively making up for the limitations of traditional methods.In this paper,problems existing in traditional methods and the solutions provided by intelligent application will be discussed for the initial screening and diagnosis of mental health as well as the intervention and treatment processes.The problems and development trend in practical application during these processes will be reviewed as well.