Education serves as a driving force for social development, and a way for members to obtain status and respect. The education level does not only determine the advancement and the renewal of a nation, but also profoundly affects the process of human civilization. The study finds that the restructuring of education in China in the past 40 years can be illustrated in the growing number of the higher education, secondary vocational education and preschool education institutions, which shows the professionalization and high-end orientation of the educational development.    The past 40 years witnessed the non-equilibrium between the economic development and educational resources, activities as well as achievements, and the degrees of non-equilibrium varied at the different stages. In the future, China will endeavor to construct a modern economic system for the sustainable and coordinated development of education and economy, narrow the regional economic disparities for the equitable, inclusive and balanced education, improve the quality of talent training for economic development, and construct an advanced education quality system for establishing a powerful country in education and economy.

In a dialogue depicted from The Analects (Lun Yu), Confucius praised his disciple ZI Xia for “being a worthy partner for yan shi”. Conventionally, “yan shi” has been explained as “discussing the meaning of The Book of Poems (Shi Jing)”, which has been seen as a proof of ZI Xia's good knowledge of The Book of Poems and authorship to The Preface to Mao's Edition of 'The Book of Poems' (Mao Shi Xu)”. In this depiction, however, “yan shi” means “expressing one's own ideas by citing from The Book of Poems” (“fu shi yan zhi”). It was an expression in the Spring and Autumn period (771-476 B.C.) subordinated to the ceremonial and music rites at that time and had nothing to do with the interpretation in The Preface to Mao's Edition of “The Book of Poems”. Confucius' discourses on The Book of Poems are all about expressing ideas by citing from it (fu shi), rather than interpreting or annotating. Since the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.), the carrier of social ideology had shifted from the ceremonial and music rites to the canons. In this situation, The Preface to Mao's Edition of “The Book of Poems”, which provided a fixed interpretation of each poem in The Book of Poems, came into being. The ancient tradition of ruling the country through rites and music was still embedded in the interpretation, so the Book of Poems has long been understood as metaphors connected to the extensive meaning, while the true meaning has been kept concealed.

The literary theory of “continuity and change” (tong bian) in The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons (Wen Xin Diao Long) by LIU Xie is more than straight applying the concept of “continuity and change” from The Book of Changes (Zhou Yi). According to the Book of Changes, “change” is naturally reasonable and provides the condition for “continuity”, and the latter is the result of the former. In LIU Xie's view, however, “new change” in literary was featured with the exotic, shocking and frivolous expressions since the Southern Dynasties, which led to the serious problem of “inconsistence between content and expression”, so this kind of “change” in literary was worthy of reflection and criticism. The unique thinking and connotation of LIU Xie's “continuity and change” lies in constraining the disadvantages of “new change” in expression by inheriting conventional form of classics rather than promoting this so-called “change”, and in considering “continuity” as the premise of the “change” and intuiting the “continuity” of conventional form, rather than the result of “change”. In The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons, LIU Xie applied the traditional theory of “continuity and change” into an overall literary structure, and suggested constraining the novelty and change by norm and continuity. He creatively reconstructed the meaning structure and connotation of “continuity and change” and interpreted it as “intuiting and adapting”, deriving from the meaning of “change for continuity” (bian er tong zhi) in The Book of Changes.

Cultural poetics with realistic characteristics is a natural result in the development of contemporary Chinese literary theory. The resistance to the Soviet model and the recognition of the western model made the literary theory prosperous in theories, methods and discourse extension in 1980's, and the confusion in self identity, thinking modal and the expression of literary theory, which led further to the wide-spread anxiety on literature in that times. The conceptual shifts in the upsurges of method, subjectivity, language and then culture reflect the pain-staking thinking on the contemporary literary theory and the impact on the thinking inertia in the settled mode. The localized literary theory was established by combining “subjectivity” and “cultural view” by getting rid of the anxiety and seeking a theoretical breakthrough. Thus, cultural poetics with the contemporary spirit and Chinese characteristic is coming into being, and the localization of cultural poetics is a reflection and reconstruction in the context of cultural shift. By confronting the generalization of the interpretation objectives, the trend of uncontrolled theoretical issues, the dissolve of discourse logic and the emptiness of aesthetic values, cultural poetics in China illustrates its difference from cultural poetics in the New Historicism, which derived from post-modernization philosophy in the western countries.

Etiquette custom serves as an important perspective to study Chinese history and culture. This thesis focuses on the books and statements on etiquette custom by CHEN Guofu, a famous Guomingdang politician during theNational Government period of the Republic of China as a case study of the etiquette custom in modern China. As a loyal member to his political party, CHEN's reform was mianly for governing by utilizing etiquette in reforming social education and ideology formation and joining in the New Life Movement and the Confucianized ideology of Three People's Principles in daily politics. On the other hand, due to his education background, political career and cultural belief in “westernized Chinese style” (zhong ti xi yong), CHEN's reform was pretty down-to-earth in his approval for folk belief and customs rather than criticism, and his empathy with the irrational spiritual demands of folk people. CHEN's attempt to explore the political and cultural power distinguished his reform from enlightening methods of other intellectuals, and meanwhile his firm support for folk population made him outstanding from mainstream political propaganda. As far as the effect is concerned, CHEN's reform plan was inevitably marginalized due to the lack of practicability during the period of nationality reconstruction emphasizing social consolidation and political mobilization.

The existence of Marx economic philosophy system is a fact that cannot be denied.It exists in four forms: critique on the foundation of bourgeoisie economic philosophy,philosophy in the domain of political economy,and philosophy in the proposition of political economy and in the theory of political economy.Young Engels is the initiator and guide in the forming history of Marx economic philosophy system.During the process,1859 is the starting point when Engels wrote the review on Critique on Political Economy Ⅰ.Afterwards Engels made changes to Marxist theory and developed his own system of philosophy,entitled dialectic materialism,although he meant to safeguard,interpret and propagate Marx economic philosophy.After Engels passed away,dialectic materialism becomes orthodox Marxist philosophy,which evolved into dialectic materialism and historical materialism in textbooks.As a result of lack of theoretical and logic room for its existence,the system of economic philosophy in Marx economic philosophy has been ignored and disappeared from the orthodox Marxist philosophy.

The section on “alienation labor and private property” in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 by Karl Marx reveals the inherent contradiction of “capital-labor” and it is by no means a direct imitation of the “master-slave-dialectics” in the Spiritual Phenomenology, but a structural analysis of the basic contradictions in the modern society, which typically demonstrates the total thinking of the dialectic with the “concrete totality” as its core. In the manuscripts, the realistic theme of the historical dialectics is the overall criticism and reconstruction of modern society with the contradictions of “capital-labor” as the core issue. Meanwhile, the combination of the speculative tradition of German classical philosophy with the empirical positivist paradigm of British political economy provides an ideological basis for “scientific abstract method” in creating materialist historical dialectics beyond the dialectic of German conceptualism. In the process of going beyond Hegel's speculative dialectics, Marx was enlightened by the sensibility principle initiated by Feuerbach and the positivist research method of British political economy with empiricism tradition, and therefore, it may be argued that only by regarding the dialectics of “capital-labor” as the “concrete totality” of the dialectics in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, can we grasp deeply its initiative historical status and methodological value.

The encounter of Marx with “enlightenment” is featured with changing attitudes from positive identification to critical using of ideological resources, eventually to the identify “enlightenment” as capitalism. In his deepening study on political economics, Marx abandoned the capitalist domain of “enlightenment”, promoted from the logic of rights centered with “the abstract man” to the liberation logic oriented by “man's free and all-round development”. The value standpoint, principle and orientation of the western “enlightenment” cannot be directly interfaced with Marxist philosophy, nor be interpreted as the overall framework of China's ideological emancipation since the reform and opening up. Due to the complex and dramatic changes in social ideology and culture in constructing socialist core values, the essential differences between Marx's philosophy and the capitalist “enlightenment” must be highlighted, and the core values should be taken as representative of the socialist spiritual civilization.

In recent years, aging population and environmental pollution have become crucial problems globally. The logical relationship among aging, economic growth and pollution is critical for formulating environmental economic policy. Based on the panel data of 106 countries from 1992 to 2010, the relationship between aging and pollution as well as the influence path are examined from the theoretical and empirical perspectives. The results of the influence of aging on pollution are listed as follows. Theoretically, the impact is realized through production effect and living effect. The former refers to the pollutant reduction by present consumption and the latter means the pollutant increasing by next period investment. Empirically, the impact of aging on pollution is significant in the living effect, but insignificant in production effect. From group regression data of the impact on pollution by aging, the production effect is significant in low-income countries, but living effect is significant in middle-income and high-income countries. It means that developing countries during the process from low to high income such as China are about to meet the turning point of U relationship between aging and pollution. When the aging population is above 13.3%, it can effectively increase pollution. Thus, if we cannot realize the continuous transformation from the old to new driving force, nor the transformation and upgrading of the economic structure, we will confront with the problems of middle income trap, pollution and aging all together. We should promote the green development with high quality, and strive for a larger time span to postpone the turning point of U relationship.

Economic growth seems inevitably accompanied by pollution, and the devotion of enterprises to environmental protection has received much attention. This paper is based on the sample survey on the private enterprises in 2008 and 2010 to study the impact of their political connections on pollution control expenditure. The result shows that the political connections have a significant positive effect on environmental protection and sewage charges. In other words, companies with political connections have higher inputs and pay more for sewage charges. The previous conclusion remains solid after considering the endogeneity problem of political connections. Sub-industry survey shows that political connections on the promotion of environmental pollution control may have a significant effect only on enterprises of heavy polluting and insignificant in those of light pollution. Further test reveals positive and negative impact mechanisms. On one hand, political connections promote pollution control through its impact on corporate social responsibility. The political relationship of enterprises brings more social responsibility, which leads to investment increase in environmental protection and pollution control. In addition, political connections inhibit the pollution control through its impact on the enterprise's rent-seeking motivation. Enterprises use their political connections in rent-seeking to reduce their investment in environmental protection and pollution control. We also find that when the political connection level of private enterprises is low, it significantly promotes expenditure, but when the level is high, it has a significant negative effect on environmental pollution control. This study reveals the impact and inner mechanism of political connections on the environmental pollution control of private enterprises, and has theoretical and practical significance for actively guiding enterprises to fulfill their responsibility in environmental friendly production.

As a primary mission of economic structure adjustment, the upgrading of industrial structure is one of the principle methods to change the economic growth mode and to achieve the intensive economy development and it can promote the green development of cities, mainly testified by whether it facilitates the increase of green total factor productivity (GTFP), serving as the main driving force of green development. By measuring the GTFP of 266 cities in China from 2006 to 2015 via DDF-ML index, the author formulated the system of industrial structure upgrading from rationalization and optimization and the GMM dynamic panel model to study the relationship between the industrial structure upgrading and the GTFP of the 266 cities. The results show that the GTFP of cities in China grew upwardly in 10 years and featured with path dependence. The optimization has a positive effect on green growth, while rationalization has an obviously different impact on different stages of cities' development. The impact of rationalization is positive for “leading-type” cities, and negative for the “catching-up-type” cities and “backward-type” cities. Therefore, according to the developing levels in different regions, different industrial policies and measures should be worked out for a good interaction mechanism between supporting measures and the industrial structure upgrading, and ultimately drive forward green growth of cities.

The New Cultural Movement in the May Fourth Period was featured with translating foreign works into Chinese and proposing abundant translation theories by academic and cultural circles. Advocators of new culture preferred “literal translation” and “faithfulness” as a declaration to break up with traditional culture. Thus, it has easily been taken for granted that all translators followed the literal translation principle in that period. Based on the statistics of the representative journal New Youth in the May Fourth Period, the author concludes that literal and non-literal methods were both adopted and non-literal translation was more diversified than expected. This research reveals that the understanding on faithfulness criterion varied among translators; the influence on translation from the target culture is ubiquitous; and literal translation, though preferred theoretically, did not dominate all translation practice in that period.