Primary school orientation in the preschool education is an urgent issue in the preschool education in China, which has attracted extensive attention from the society. However, the misunderstanding and misuse in academic research and policy governance leads to the confusion in preschool education practice, and even affects the implementation of kindergarten education. Compared with the term “schoolification” used abroad, “primary school orientation in the preschool education” lacks a logical test and has an ambiguous connotation. Therefore, it is necessary to “suspend” the relevant value judgment and clarify the factual description of it. The value judgment of “primary school orientation” involves the function of preschool education, but it is still controversial at present and its function orientation in the practice is unsettled. The stance of “centering on children's development” is conducive to linking children with other educational factors closely, guiding preschool education to follow the rule of children's growth, ensuring their health and promoting their development. By analyzing the international trend of early education and the differences in the functional orientation of preschool education at home and abroad, it can be found that the topic of “zero-starting-point teaching” in primary schools is so ambiguous that it faces the dual challenges of parents' questioning and kindergartens' confusion, so it is urgent to establish the stance of “centering on children's development” in order to cope with the challenges successfully.

Along with the acceleration of constructing first-class universities or disciplines, growing emphasis are placed to research output of teachers, and the “paper-oriented” evaluation system has become dominant in a great number of universities, which guides teachers' efforts more on research than on teaching. How to keep an equal emphasis on teaching and research in universities has aroused widespread concern in the academic circles. The institutional theory provides a starting point for researching and understanding from the perspective of organizational environment. After analyzing the basic functions of university under the institutional theory, the author finds that: first, the teaching function of universities meets the legitimacy requirements of the institutional environment, matches with the concerns of the government, society, parents and students, and is necessary to level up the talent cultivation. The research function is the product of pursuing efficiency standard in the technological environment. The research and knowledge innovation carried out by universities accelerates regional economic development, and the papers (books or textbooks) published by teachers are easy to quantify in the educational evaluation system, which can be seen as university's choice to comply with the principles of technological environment. Secondly, university organizations prioritizing research are facing the imbalance between teaching and research, which originated from the pressure of ranking from outside as well as that of research competition within the organization. The administrators and academics in universities have strong heterogeneity in the attitudes to research and publication, various policies and incentives to maximize performance are made to mobilize the teachers' potential motivation in research, and the incentive mode is especially effective for young teachers. As for competition within the organization, research evaluation is not only the need of universities to realize legitimacy, but also the need of competitive mechanism for establishing secondary colleges. Third, under the guidance of Pareto's improvement method, we should establish the rules of organizational representation, resource redistribution, teaching authority, and the ideal state of equal emphasis on teaching and research. Universities should make full use of the accumulated research resources, promote the transformation of research achievements to serve teaching, narrow the gap between teaching and research to an acceptable level, and respect the inner inherent differences between teaching and research output as well as their operation rules.

In recent years, theoretical and practical research on character has received extensive attention. Character includes three interrelated components, namely habit, trait and virtue. According to multi-dimensional dynamic development theories, positive character could be cultivated and shaped by the interaction between individual and context. In addition, positive character can not only promote the mental health of children and adolescents, reduce problem behaviors, enhance happiness, but also help improve academic performance. However, different scholars have certain disputes about the structural models of character and the specific measurement model derived from them. Western countries have launched a series of character education programs, trying to achieve the goal of facilitating students' positive development by creating school environment atmosphere and providing targeted training. Future theoretical exploration should emphasis the construction of the connotation and structure of character under Chinese culture, exploration of measurement tools, longitudinal studies on the development curve, and influencing factors and functions of character. Future practice should establish comprehensive character cultivating systems based on Chinese culture characteristics in primary and secondary schools, especially for children in disadvantaged context.

School bullying is a common problem in primary and secondary schools home and abroad, so it is significant to explore the formation mechanism and interventions from the perspective of psychology. According to the study on the direct participants of bullying incidents, some bullies involve in anti-social behaviors or cognitive characteristics to some extent, and bullying is one of the means adopted by adolescent individuals to acquire and maintain social dominance. Children and adolescents with some physical characteristics, emotional or social problems are in higher risk of being bullied. Both the bullying and bullied behaviors may lead to emotional and behavioral adaptation disorders for children and adolescents, and the negative effects may even last for a long time. The one with both bully and victim characteristics have the disadvantages of both roles, so they are in the worst situation of stability and adaptation. The peer ecological environment in class, bystanders' behaviors and friend relations can affect the occurrence rate and consequences of bullying. Some family and parental characteristics are also factors of risk or protection. In addition, positive teacher-student relationship helps to reduce the occurrence of bullying and alleviate the possible negative consequences. However, parents and teachers who lack training often fail to identify and respond effectively to bullying in a timely and accurate manner. In educational practice, the measures to prevent and control school bullying can be divided into two categories: single-level intervention for some specific related groups, and multi-level intervention involving students, parents and school staff.

As one of the core concepts in Confucianism, Zhong doesn't only reflect the political pursuits and ethic ideals, but also signifies the dimension of philosophy in Confucianism. As a requirement and constraint to the monarchy, it embodies the significance of politics; as the personality ideal pursued by Confucian scholars, it belongs to a moral realm; it also has the philosophical ontological meaning when considered as the “source” and “dao”, which “creates a harmonious order prevailing throughout heaven and earth, and makes all things nourished and flourish.” However, its meaning is flexible under specific historical circumstances. Generally speaking, the concept Zhong embodied the significance of politics, and reflected the ethical and philosophical ontological interpretation during the time of Zi-Xue(Scholars' School) in Pre-Qin Era. In the circumstance of Jing-Xue(Classics School) in Two Han Dynasties, it focused on political regulations, and evolved to an ethical concept in Song and Ming Dynasties. In the horizon of HE Xinyin in Late Ming Dynasty, Zhong returned to a political discourse directly pointing towards the monarchy. The evolution of the interpretation on Zhong is closely linked to the relationship between the Confucian scholars and the monarchy along with their self-recognition.

Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky won the outstanding status for his thoughts taken as “quasi-Marxism-Leninism”, made a great contribution to Russian literary theories, and exerted a prominent influence on Chinese textbooks of contemporary literary theories from the 1950s to the early 1980s. Chinese textbook compilers do not confine themselves to Belinsky's theory, but select and rewrite several theoretical concepts to fit into the academic context of contemporary China, some of which fail to fit into the actual situation of literary creation, and appear contrary to Belinsky's original thoughts. “Writing essence” has become an important theoretical source of stylization and conceptualization in contemporary Chinese literary creation. The essence of the “thinking in images” theory that emerged in China is the imagination being removed of the creative connotation. Belinsky's “national character” focusing on nationhood is transformed into the connotation of social classes and his theory has been illustrated in variation in the Chinese textbooks of contemporary literary theories.

The “newness” of New Historicism lies in textualizing and analyzing history and interpreting from cultural perspectives, by attaching emphasis no longer on the history constructed by real events, but on the text composed of discourse symbols and the culture embodied throughout the text. Therefore, a more accurate expression of New Historicism should be “historical culturalism”. Compared to traditional Historicism influenced by Positivism, New Historicism transforms an extrinsic historical perspective of literature into an intertextual relationship between historical and literary texts in the cultural field. On the one hand, it is a path-breaking method regarding history as a textual construction, but not an objective existence by textualizing history, wavering the deep-rooted linguistic transparency in historical narratives, transforming the extrinsic history into an intrinsic one by the method of text-culture. On the other hand, New Historicism extends formal methods to the cultural field by establishing an intertextual relationship between literary and historical texts, transforming the original intertextuality between literary texts into “cross-genre intertextuality” between literature and history. In a sense, New Historicism has also broken the pure intrinsic nature of research methods such as formalism and structuralism, opened the way for cultural research as a pan-textual approach, and formed cultural and historical poetics. However, this method still faces two dilemmas: first, it causes the negative structure of binary opposition in literary theory to be more prominent; second, it results in the emptying of the meaningful core of “history” and turning it into a hollow concept. This dilemma of New Historicism is also the ultimate dilemma of the attempt of literary theories when criticizing positivism and empiricism as well as reconstructing a theoretical system of text-autonomy by using the synchronic structure of binary opposition. New Historicism has brought literary theory “outside of literature”, but it has not enabled literary studies to go “outside of culture” or “outside of text”. New Historians are still unable to step outside of “Prison-House of Language” put forward by Jameson, and the textualization of everything, in fact, denies that literary can have any real value beyond the text.

The term “Hellas” (Greece) means the place where Greeks live. Before the Greeks arrived, there was no place called “Greece” in the south of ancient Balkans Peninsula. Since the end of third millennium B.C., groups of Greeks have started migrating to the area and assimilated into the community of Pelasgians who had already settled there. Due to the continuous migration of Greeks, the Peninsula experienced the expansion of Greece accompanied by shrink of Pelasgia for over a thousand years. In the early stage of the archaic age, embryonic forms of geographic, linguistic, ethnic and cultural connotations of Greece were generated. Although the terms like “Great Greece” and “Greek World” came into being due to the expansion of Greek population and territory over hundreds of years afterwards till the modern times, the connotation and territory of Greece had already been solidly acknowledged. The term “Graecia” is a misapprehension on Greece by the ancient Romans. In fact, Greek region had been ruled by alien races for a long time in history, and there was no such a state named “Greece” until it declared independence in 1822. However, with the Greek peninsula as its core region, the “Hellas” (Greece) with its history and culture has truly and undeniably been there all the time.

In the Poetics, Aristotle pointed out that ordinary history record couldn't reveal a complete action, due to the chaos of causality in historical phenomena. However, tragedy writers could invent a whole action including the beginning, middle and end to reflect some possibility or necessity. From this perspective, tragedy seems to be more serious and valuable resources than historical records. Polybius adopted a critical and inherited attitude to Aristotle's view, and he believed that an inevitable historical trend existed in his own era, so he wrote about “universal history” involving the whole action from beginning to end, and illustrating everything in clear causal relationship. In the meantime, Polybius insisted that historian should record events truthfully, rather than fabricating plots like tragedy writers. Due to the limitations of the individual and the times, Polybius had no awareness of the influence from cultural and academic tradition on himself, and relied on “fictional” devices to finish his “universal history”. However, he firmly held that the “universal history” pursuing the authenticity and inevitability was superior to tragedy, which imitates reality and reflects some possibility or necessity. The authenticity is the core concept in his “universal history”.

In the research field of late Antiquity and early Middle Ages since the late 20th century, late Antiquity has become a dominate concept and model, and some traditional assumptions and interpretations on the history of early Middle Ages have been questioned. It is particularly noteworthy that a series of new arguments derived from the study of late Antiquity and early Middle Ages also reveal the reorientation of values, from the classical cultural norms to multiculturalism, from institutional history to religious culture history, from nationalism to Europeanism, which reflect the new value orientation of most historians in this field. New arguments, such as the concept of Late Antiquity, the transformation of the Roman world and the theory of Continuity, are undoubtedly of contemporary value and present care. The reorientation of values demonstrates a close and complex link between the history research and ideology in Europe and America since the late twentieth century, and the interaction between historiography and the times.

The nature of capitalist mode of production is stipulated as follows: taking high-level socialization of production as a historical starting point and surplus value as an existing form, featuring with competitiveness, marking with machine or automatic production in terms of technological conditions of production, and differentiating from feudalist or small scale mode of production in terms of social relationship of production. From the perspective of horizontal social development, it is important to clarify the two boundaries in this mode. First, the capitalist mode of production is not equal to the various phenomena or other modes of production existing in the capitalist society. Second, the capitalist mode of production is not the same as the specific operational capitalist modes around the world; for instance, the “European-American mode” of capitalist production used to cause some negative effects. From the perspective of social vertical development, it is necessary to realize that capitalist mode of production still has its historical vitality as a “modern mode”, and its achievements can be adjusted in a newly developed concept to serve our socialism.

LIU Zongzhou won his reputation as one of the most important thinkers of Yangming School by most contemporary scholars, and however, there lacks reflective thinking on whether LIU interpreted WANG's thoughts correctly. LIU is seen as not only a successor of WANG Yangming, but also a reformer in the general view. In this paper, the author criticizes this view by studying LIU's work, Collection and Notes on WANG Yangming's Selected Works, and the author states that LIU's criticism on WANG could only be proved to be misunderstanding,after comparing his comments and WANG's own understanding on “Four Sentences Teaching”, “liangzhi”, The Great Learning and etc. As a matter of fact, LIU was influenced by ZHAN Ruorui's thoughts, and interpreted “liangzhi” as a kind of “knowledge”, which covered WANG's true understanding of “liangzhi” as the natural state/tendency of man's heart-mind. For this reason, LIU's misunderstanding of WANG's thoughts can be considered as a backward step of theory in Yangming School. Therefore, the viewpoint may inspire a new angle for further study on LIU Zongzhou's thoughts and the history of Neo-Confucianism.

According to Irving Fisher's theory, the trading volume of commodity decides monetary demand, and money circulation velocity is an important variable, though the volume is difficult to estimate. However, monetary theories after I.Fisher hold that the monetary demand is decided by national income or gross domestic product with the assumption or testified premise that money circulation velocity is stable, but the monetary demand is far greater than national income or gross domestic product. According to the empirical data of the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom, money circulation velocity based on social trading turnover is inconstant, and responds rapidly to the changes in social trading turnover and monetary stock as an important mechanism of monetary equilibrium. It is necessary to reexpress a monetary theory to reflect the role of money circulation velocity, and to restate the mechanism of the influence of monetary supply stock on economy.

In recent years, foreign language communication competence of citizens has been attached more importance along with the promotion of China's “Belt and Road Initiative” and the increasing aspiration in participating in global governance. As English is one of the universal languages, improving communication competence can help reduce the language barrier between countries and enhance the efficiency of foreign trade and economic cooperation. Under this background, the impact of this competence on the enterprise export deserves a comprehensive study for its practical significance in enhancing the export competitiveness of Chinese enterprises. In the research, the author introduces English communication competence into Melitz' Heterogeneous Firm and Trade Model and analyzes the influence on the enterprise export by selecting the data of Chinese enterprises exporting to 35 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries from 2005 to 2006. The results show that the improvement of English communication competence has a significant positive impact on the enterprise export probability and intensity, of which the impact on the export intensity is realized by the margin expanding. Besides, the sub-sample studies on enterprise ownership, trade mode and exporting products show that the improvement of English communication competence can remarkably promote the export intensity of private-owned and foreign-funded enterprises; no obvious difference is found in that of general trade and processing trade; the impact is larger on exporting differentiated products and smaller on non-homogeneous products, while no significant effect on the quality product export. In the economic globalization, it is of great necessity for Chinese to improve foreign languages and to enhance the export efficiency of Chinese enterprises while enhancing bilateral trust, increasing cultural identity and reducing trade costs.

As one of the most important means to enhance enterprise competitiveness, Non-R&D (research and development) innovation is crucial for economic development, but it is rarely concerned in present studies. Based on the regional data from 2006 to 2015 in China, this paper studies its impact on regional productivity by applying the spatial panel econometric model, and the results show that different types of non-R&D innovation play different roles in regional productivity. Technological upgrading and absorptive capacities are proved to be more crucial for improving regional productivity than R&D innovation. Foreign technology import also plays a positive role, though with insignificant effect, while domestic technology import is irrelevant with the changing regional productivity. According to the results of the intersection of R&D and non-R&D innovation, the R&D input accelerates the productivity growth in the eastern and central regions, but decelerates in the western region. In addition, R&D investment has strengthened the productivity growth by means of technology introduction in the eastern region, but this introduction faces crowding-out in the western region, which hinders productivity improvement. R&D investments in these three regions have all enhanced the positive influence of technology absorption on regional productivity. Therefore, the government should attach importance to non-R&D innovation, monitor the scope, support it, and stress on the functions of technological transformation and absorption. At the same time, it also should take different measures on the R&D and non-R&D innovation investments in different regions in avoid of the one-size-fits-all approach.