The National Education Conference was held on September 10^th 2018,the Teachers' Day of the PRC,at which General Secretary XI Jinping delivered an important speech.He provided a comprehensive understanding of Chinese education,and proposed a series of new philosophy and concepts of education reform,which can be summarized as “nine persistences”,that is:1)to persist in CPC's overall leadership over education,2)to persist in fostering integrity and promoting rounded development of people as the fundamental task of education,3)to persist in the priority of education development,4)to persist in socialist education,5)to persist in rooting in China's cultural and reality,6)to persist in making education serve for the people,7)to persist in deepening education reform and innovation,8)to persist in the mission of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,and 9)to persist in the foundational task of teachers' improvement.General Secretary XI stressed that education is the priority,which demonstrates the devotion of the government and CPC to enhancing education,as the importance of education has never been emphasized at such a high level.He also stated that the aim and value of education play a foundational role and added the working education to the Chinese education policy,so he proposed the aim of Chinese “socialist education should prepare students with moral,intellectual,physical,artistic,and working spiritual development as socialist builders and successors”.This conference provides the new guidelines,strategies and actions for education policy under XI Jinping's thought of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era,and shows guiding significance for furthering education in China.

Since the Reform and Opening-up,Chinese universities and colleges have witnessed three stages in the management of ideological and political education.The emphasis was laid on resuming the work infrastructure and mechanism in 1980s and 1990s,which also echoed to the era topic of ‘taking economic construction as the center’.As the Reform and Opening-up went in-depth,it enriched in forms and contents,which played an important role in education and management of and service for students.When in New Era,it persists in firming correct political direction,normative system mechanism,and scientific quality assurance,which represents the aim to build quality higher education and cultivate more talents for the society.Cultivating qualified builders and reliable successors for the cause of socialism has always been the prominent task in improving management of ideological and political education.It follows the inner force of different times and pursues the aim to complete specific work scientifically,in order to realize ‘doing due to specific things,time and circumstances’ in the management of ideological and political education in universities and colleges,as well as to play a greater role in the fundamental task of fostering integrity and promoting rounded development of people.

Although education is not a service in a general sense,the educatees consume more than the knowledge and experience of the educators,and they also consume their emotions and attitudes.This is an issue of both methodology and ontology.The educatees' consumption of the emotions and attitudes of the educators is undoubtedly a meaningful breakthrough point,from which we can naturally deduce the emotional production of the educators.As the consumption of the affection and attitude is conducted by the means of experience,the affection production is realized by the means of performance.Experience and performance can be seen as the extension and intensification of the affection consumption and production.Behind the consumption and production are some regulations and strategies that support and control the process.Consumption and production,experience and performance,regulations and strategies,are all main affectional issues in education life.

It is vital and urgent to formulate the ‘Guidance Standard of Professional Ethics Training Coursefor Primary and Secondary School Teachers’ for deepening the reform in teachers' training as well as improving their professional ethics. The framework proposed on the basis of theory analysis, national policy review, international comparison and social investigation takes the “Four Well-Rounded Teachers” as the training aim, and includes twelve secondary indicators and thirty-one training themes. Three levels of training contentsare designed for each theme, and suggestions are provided for its implementation concerning overall design, method optimization, andevaluation system improvement.

China has been attaching great importance to the development of the professional ethics of primary and secondary school teachers, including ideological and political qualities, professional conduct code, and personal morality. In recent years, the development has been characterized by the shift from tool oriented to teacher oriented and the combination of requirements and prohibitions. It emphasizes specialization, internalization, and scientization of code, and is implemented through an integrating system of training, promoting, assessment, incentive, supervision, penalization and support. In order to promote the teachers’ professional ethics, China should put more efforts on formulating the local policies or school-based policies, the assessment of the policy implementation effects, and ethics training based on ability improvement.

By investigating professional conduct codes for teachers in ten representative countries in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, this paper finds that the codes are mainly constituted by commissions, principles and rules, mainly involving in teachers’ commitments to students, parents, colleagues, and employers. This paper also reveals that most of the codes are defined in specific terms, and may serve as a feasible guidance for implementation and that learning-by-doing method is commonly adopted in cultivating teachers’ professional ethics. However, the codes of different countries vary in terms of the makers and functional orientations. Based on the comparative analysis, it is suggested that China’s professional conduct code training for teachers should take society as orientation and emphasize the baseline of professional conducts and that the training should be implemented through the whole professional career of teachers in a diversified and practical way.

As a value-orientated aim for China' s education, people's satisfaction can be realized by formulating the indicators for teachers' ethics professional training of primary and secondary school teachers on the basis of public expectation and evaluation. The result of interviews and questionnaires indicates that the public' s emphasis can be categorized into devotion to the occupation and work, love for students, meticulous attitude toward knowledge and intended behavior as a role model. In addition, the survey reveals that the public have a high and comprehensive expectation of professional ethnics of teachers, especially in two aspects like meticulous attitude toward knowledge and love for students.The public evaluation is positive in general, but that on love for students is relatively low,and the gap is large. Teachers have a higher evaluation on themselves than the public and the difference between the teachers and the public lies in evaluating the most concerning and most dissatisfying indicators. In the formulation of the guidance standards and the implementation of the teachers' professional ethics training, it is of positive significance to convey the public expectation and evaluation to teachers accurately and to guide teachers to view the difference between the public and their own perspectives rationally.

After the First Opium War(First Anglo-Chinese War,1839-1842),wars between China and foreign countries were all depicted in Chinese novels written in modern times(1840-1949).These narrations,realistic or fictional,in a complete novel or in segments,reflect the process of war from multiple perspectives.The literary form is the integrating outcome of literature innovation and political crisis in the late Qing Dynasty.Following the clue of these wars,we can see the artistic presentation in novels.The First Opium War is presented in a combination of facts,fiction and myth,the illustration of the Sino-France war focuses on characters with an integration of facts and fiction,the narration on the first Sino-Japanese war in 1894 reveals the shame of Chinese from different perspectives,and the literature on the Boxer Movement in 1898 reflects the facts of the historic event,displaying the complexity behind it,and warning against the danger of populism.These reflected the political pattern,the will of the people as well as the cultural conflicts between China and foreign countries.

In the cross-cultural situation that spans both China and the West,Lin Yutang created an “old Beijing”image that was artistic,aesthetic,and dreamy.It was not only a typical product of “cross-cultural translation”,but also a concentrated expression of the writer's feeling of “cultural China”.Lin Yutang regarded “Old Beijing” as the physical prototype of classical China,the glorious symbol of traditional Chinese civilization,and the primary identification mark of the modern Chinese nation.Emphasizing the same connotation between “(Beijing) city and country(China)”and consciously telling “China story”with “Beijing narration”were two aspects that many Chinese writers both at home and abroad have been influenced by Lin Yutang.To those writers,“Beijing”has provided them with a broad space for “Imagining China”.Apart from that,Lin Yutang's different attitudes towards Beijing and Shanghai reflected a kind of tangled cultural identity of Chinese modern intellectuals who were in a huge gap between Eastern and Western cultures.

Martial arts novel,a highly patterned form of typologic literature,is commonly regarded as a literary form of relatively moderate taste.Yet JIN Yong(the pen name for Louis Cha)made outstanding achievements,set a peak in this field and had a tremendous influence in society.It is an unusual paradox that both high reputation and criticism are given to his works and therefore,an objective evaluation on JIN Yong's works and literary achievements is needed.JIN Yong's contributions include his abandon of the traditional stereotype of martial arts novels,his creative choices in the function and history,and taste of this literary form.In this way,JIN Yong completed a creative transformation of the martial arts novel into a form of mainstream literature,and his works won the highest position in this literature form.The successful transformation of JIN Yong's novel provides a guideline for the research on martial arts novels,and new methods for creating new ones in the 21^st century,which is beneficial for improving cultural confidence and defining the advancing directions.

In his Limited Views:Essays on Ideas and Letters,Qian Zhongshu provides an interpretation of the concept of “Five Modes” in Du Yu's “Preface to The Commentary of Zuo”.The “Five Modes” as summarized by Du Yu refer to five modes of narration:namely,(1)subtle yet emphatic,(2)indicative yet implicit,(3)euphemistic and properly written,(4)exhaustive and not distorted,and (5)chastising evil and encouraging goodness.Qian Zhongshu's explanation of “jin er bu wu” sets out to correct Du Yu's annotation,but he misinterprets the character “wu” as “exaggeration” based on partial evidence.His understanding of logical connections among the Five Modes of historical writing is insufficient.More significantly,Qian assumes that “jin er bu wu” is the Chinese equivalent of English expression “the whole truth,and nothing but the truth”,claiming that the “Five Models (wu li)” actually set the standards for later historiography instead of taking The Spring and Autumn Annals as its model.This assumption indicates a failure to understand the differences between traditional Chinese Confucian and certain modern Western European and Anglophone traditions of history—as the former tends to merge history with moral doctrines,and the latter is founded on empirical fact—illustrating a tendency to overlook the genealogies of thought undergirding specific ideas.We may learn from Qian Zhongshu's explanations on the “wu qing” the three following lessons:1)Overstating a small issue to showcase one's erudition may generate false “problems”;2)Reading extensively but not intensively easily leads to ungrounded arguments as well as inaccurate quotations;3)Drawing connections between Chinese and Western European ideas should be based on meticulous research rather than primarily expressing one's own free-ranging imagination.

The relation between nature and human in Pre-Qin Period,as well as its existence and evolution,can be reasonably summarized into the two models:‘human complying with nature’ and ‘nature complying with human’.The former is an interpretation of ‘the mutual compliance between nature and human’ from a broad sense,and the latter from a narrow one.The mainstream then is ‘human complying with nature’,represented by Yin-yang School and Huang-Lao Taoism School,and supported by the Legalist School.YU Yingshi(YU Yingshih)considered the Axial Age as the shift from the old interpretation of ‘human complying with nature’ to a new one.The complicated and pluralistic relations between nature and human was simplified and narrowed down in his concept.YU Yingshi's choice of research materials and demonstration of conclusion may be purposely designed for the support of his concept on the Axial Age,and as a result,his argumentation seems to be farfetched.

The mutual compliance between nature and human has long been discussed in western countries and China,so it is impropriate to regard it as a unique concept in China.YU Yingshi(YU Yingshih)'s thought on the inward mutual compliance from the perspective of cultural breakthrough in the Axial Age is questionable.Therefore,we should make an intensive and comprehensive study,if we tend to analyze the concept of ‘mutual compliance between nature and human’ in early periods of ancient China.ZHANG Dainian pointed out that the concept has two aspects of meanings:the connection and the similarity.Reviewing the recently unearthed texts on bamboo slips,wooden slips,and silk manuscripts as well as existent literature,we find that ZHANG's viewpoint also needs supplementation.The connection between nature and human and their similarity are both based on the interaction between nature and human.Combining the cosmology theory and human affairs,Confucians widely accepted the concept that the fortune and misfortune omens are caused by the interaction.One trend in understanding this concept is that wise men can assist nature to operate properly,as mentioned in Zhong Yong(The Doctrine of the Mean)by ZI si,the other is that the human ethics is regarded as the law of nature,both of which have earlier ideology sources and different methods of cultivation.The philosophers of various schools from pre-Qin Period to the early Han Dynasty discussed the mutual compliance between nature and human.The word ‘he’(comply)was understood in different ways,such as the nature complying with the wise men and noblemen,or the human ethics complying with law of nature,or to say,nature never complying with human,even not with the wise men.XUN Zi advocated the difference between the human ethics and law of nature,but agreed that nature complies with human.

The fundamentals in Confucian philosophy are to solve the contradiction between the individual and the collectivity,which is based on ethical life and moral practice to seek the essential universality of the emotional integration instead of focusing on the formal universality of the rational cognition.Confucianism expanded the universal dimension on the foundation of family affection,and they considered the universality of affection both the basis for and result of the manifestation of affection from different perspectives of taking universality of affection as individual noumenon or collectivity,which constitutes the integral emotional world of integrating an individual noumenon with a collectivity.In the real world,Confucianism constructed a vertically integrated model based on affection,which had a far-reaching influence on the traditional ethical and political order and rational cognitive model in China.The universal dimension of the Confucian family affection profoundly affected the emotional life,spiritual life and even the entire life world of traditional Chinese people.It is now still the basic premise to explore the creative transformation and innovative development of Confucianism.

The filial piety thought in Xun Zi reflects the Confucian stance of governing the country with rules,and politics preceding ethics,but the tension between ethics and politics in the filial piety thought varies in different chapters of Xun Zi.In chapters before ‘You Zuo Chapter”,it is manifested in the macro political structure.Filial piety is the theme of life for ordinary people,while politics is the theme of life for the noble class including wise monarchs.After the ‘You Zuo Chapter’,this tension has been internalized into ideal personality of a wise monarch in two aspects of ethics and politics.Filial piety is an important constitute of a wise monarch,as well as a symbol of his outmost illustration in ethics and politics.This difference can be attributed to the further development of Xun Zi's thought by his following scholars,which is clearly manifested in the different emphases on filial piety in various chapters of Xun Zi,as well as his different political demands from Confucius and Mencius.However,bridging the division between politics and ethics by combining them into a wise monarch with ideal personality is only a solution in the theoretical sense,and it is not helpful to guide ordinary people to face with the dilemma.Therefore,an individual may sacrifice his life to realize the both aims of ethnics and politics as described in Han Shi Wai Zhuan(Unauthorized Biography on Poetry by HAN Ying),while Xiao Jing(The Book of Filial Piety) constructs legitimacy of politics from the universal ethical affection of filial piety.In this way,the scholars managed to bridge the division caused by the thought of “unification” in Xun Zi and return to the stance of Confucius and Mencius.

Due to the inherent defects of market mechanism and the externality feature of innovation output,the construction of regional innovation system internally depends on the guidance and support of local government.As government actioninitiators,local officials may be influenced by various incentives when making decisions,which may have a further impact on the innovational function of government in the construction of regional innovation system.Based on the provincial industrial panel data from 2009 to 2015,this paper empirically analyzes how incentives for officials and government innovation preferences affect the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises.The results demonstrate that promotion incentives and economic power incentives directly enhance the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises as well as reduce the government innovation preferences,thereby inhibiting the increase of the innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises.Officials' rent-seeking incentive may cause corruption and erode innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises.As the value produced by innovation is difficult to assess,officials' rent-seeking may also improve the government innovation preferences,and promote the efficiency of regional innovation to some extent.The net effect of promotion incentives and economic power incentives on innovation efficiency is positive,while that of rent-seeking incentive negative.Therefore,the incentive mechanism of local officials'assessment and compensation should be improved,and local governments actions should be supervised so that they can play a leading role in the regional innovative economy.

China's economy has witnessed a continuously rapid growth over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up since 1978,resulting from the inward marketization for releasing the economic vitality and outward opening to other countries for participating in the globalization more positively.Although the main trend of global development is still opening,cooperating and building win-win relationship,we should notice the uncertainty,taking the recently sprung-up new protectionism as an example.Apart from that,the U.S.,Japan and some European countries refused to consider China as a market economy although China became one of the formal WTO members in 2001.The U.S.launched a trade war against China,and took the non-market-oriented policies and practices of third countries as a main attacking point and put forward the need for “reforming”of the WTO.Therefore,assessing China marketization performance is important for the world to get a better understanding of the marketization in China,and for the Chinses policy-makers to have reference based on self-assessment to deepen reform.This paper assesses China Marketization Index(CMI)from 1978 to 2016 by five aspects:normalization of government action,liberation of economic entities,marketization of production factors,fairness of trade environment,and justification of financial parameters.We have found that CMI continually increased for the study period,scoring from 15.08 in 1978 to 86.50 in 2016(out of full score 100),which is approximately in concordance with the result from some global assessment authorities.However,the whole process of China's marketization is not balanced in the five aspects.The outstanding performance in liberation of economic entities and fairness of trade environment is a contrast to comparatively sluggish development in normalization of government action.The government financial burden keeps steady and grows slightly,which shows that the normalization of government action develops slowly.The growth in government financial burden is closely related to the basic situation of the Chinese characterized socialism,which requires increasing the expenditure,ensuring people's livelihood and reducing various disparity.The social capital will flow into more fields positively when Chinese economic society gets more balanced and coordinately.It is foreseeable that the governmentfiscal burden will decrease obviously and the government action will be more normalized.