Mao Zedong Thought originated from a scientific integration of Marxist into Chinese society and revolution,which meanwhile introduced to and implemented Marxist education theories in China.In the progress of China's socialist revolution and construction,Marxist education theories have constantly developed with Mao Zedong educational thoughts,Deng Xiaoping educational theories,and especially with Xi Jinping's educational thoughts of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in New Era.

It is generally understood that Marx's Historical Materialism was mainly presented and interpreted in philosophical works.However,a re-examination of works or documents on Marxism,especially those on his political economics,found that many contents on historical materialism were not appropriately presented.Marx's Historical Materialism should actually be re-named as Labor Historical Materialism,which is composed of Methodology Historical Materialism,Labor Philosophical Ontology,Hominology Historical Materialism,and Technology Historical Materialism.Methodology Historical Materialism focuses on social historical issues,Labor Philosophical Ontology is the philosophical core of Marxism,Hominology Historical Materialism examines human beings and its history from a perspective of labor relationship,and Technology Historical Materialism studies productive forces such as tools and technology.

The “key competences”has been a mainstream discourse in the field of basic education in our country.However,whether it is in theoretical research or practical work,the misunderstanding and misuse of this concept is common,which has caused a lot of confusion,and even affected its function.By comparing the “key competences”used in China with the “key competences” used abroad,we found that the Chinese “key competences”crossed the boundaries and limitations of “key competences”itself in logic,time and space and teaching practice.Firstly,the “competence”should be translated as “Sheng Ren Li”rather than “Su Yang”:the Chinese educators interpreted it without real meaning and loaded it too many meanings to break the logic limit of the “key competences”itself,and it caused confusion in understanding the Chinese “key competences”.Secondly,the “key competences”is essentially the result of the change of times and the change of occupation fields,while the Chinese “key competences”has surpassed the boundary of “key competences” and broken through the scope of time and space.Finally yet importantly,the “key competences” advocates interdisciplinary teaching mode,while the concept of “the key competence of Discipline”derived from the Chinese “key competences”follows a disciplinary logic,lacking of interdisciplinary interaction and deviating from the limitation of the “key competences”in teaching practice.In addition,the “key competences”itself also has some limitations in terms of the function,which puts too much weight on the external occupational demand but ignores the internal demands of education,which resulted in an ineffective manifestation of the essential educational mission of “individual's full development”.

Learning strategies and teaching strategies have important impacts on student's academic achievement,while there are few studies on the relative importance between the two factors in China.Based on a survey conducted in a province in eastern China by China Collaborative Innovation Center on Basic Education Quality Monitoring,this research applies HLM and Shapley decomposition method to estimating and comparing the effect sizes of learning and teaching strategies for primary and lower secondary students.With regard to the econometric analysis on students at different educational levels,at primary level,the effect size of teaching strategies is larger than that of learning strategies,while at lower secondary level,the effect size of learning strategies is larger than that of teaching strategies.With an econometric analysis on students at different ability levels,and to those primary students with relatively low ability,the effect size of teaching strategies is larger.While to those primary students with relatively high ability,the learning strategies obtained by students are more important.To lower secondary students,the effect size of learning strategies are bigger regardless of the level of students.In addition,this research also found that,adequate educational investment,high quality school infrastructure and teaching personnel,student's individual study grit,and effective learning strategies,are the four major elements for a high school performance of Chinese students.

Strengthening the basic research is to enhance the original innovation ability and the independent innovation source supply.It is a critical approach to promote China to an innovative and leading nation in science and technology in the world.To this aim,the state council has made clear that “innovation is the first step to achieve the optimization and development of the eastern region and to promote the differentiation and leap-forward development of the central and western regions”.And to implement this regional “differentiation” and “leapfrog” innovation strategy,the first step is to deal with the efficiency objective measurement and difference analysis of basic research innovation,and then to promote regional allocation of resources to achieve optimization.Envelope analysis of SBM-BBC model of output oriented to “The Tenth Five-Year”,“The Eleventh Five-Year ”,“The Twelfth Five-Year” period with an exception of Tibet in mainland China eastern,central and western areas of basic research innovation efficiency of the differences showed the following results:(1)The average efficiency of basic research innovation in the east was better than in central and western regions in the three periods.The eastern region includes Beijing,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Guangdong,and Jiangsu.(2)In the western regions such as Ningxia and Qinghai,after the development strategy of the western region during the “The Tenth Five-Year Plan ”period,the innovation efficiency of basic research in the three periods was significantly improved.(3)There are quite a number of input-output imbalances,which leads to innovation inefficiency in some areas.Therefore,it is important to strengthen the basic research and development with a better allocation of resources in the eastern region to make it a “leading force” in the basic research innovation.The mid-central region as the “intermediate power”,it is important to support and cultivate its basic research and innovation.With a comparatively weak foundation,the western region can be made a “reserve force”for the basic research in China.

The political implicationswere usually discovered through the work content study in literature,but it was very uncommon to disclose the political implications via “aesthetic”form studies.The style and rhetoric,however,might be connotative of certain political implications.The literary aesthetics and form,on one hand,is from its social and political environment,and on the other hand,it influences its social and political environment as well.The political implications in literature were actually reflected in the literary phenomena such as the scholar's preference in 5-word poem style in Six Dynasties,social status-poem-quality criteria,and Chinese Confucius revivalists for classical literature or the literature degeneration view.Therefore,it is necessary to study the political implications in literature from a perspective of literature forms or styles.

In the transition from the poetic circles of the Prime Tang Dynasty to the poetic circles of the Middle Tang Dynasty,the importance of Gu Kuang has been ignored.He himself experienced these two periods.His poems,especially the song-form poems had a vigorous spirit of the Prime Tang Dynasty,and became a “living fossil” for the later poets.The existing of the 51 song-form poems of Gu Kuang had plentiful themes,and the song-form poems of music and painting accomplished the highest achievement.Gu Kuang's song-form poems of painting broke the normal format created by Du Fu and expanded the scope of performance of the poems of painting.What's more,Gu Kuang created a new humorous style of poems of painting:Gu Kuang's song-form poems of music paid attention to the emotional expression and imposed a profound impact on Bai Juyi's and other poet's poetry of music.In addition,Gu Kuang's song-form poems also had features of being “vulgar” and “odd”.The “vulgar”side influenced the later poetic school of Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen that paid great attention to realism and pop art.The poetic school of Han Yu and Meng Jiao however inherited the “odd”style.It can be said that Gu Kuang had imposed a heavy impact upon the poetry circles in such a transitional period that he became a real model for other poets to follow.

The prose about the studies of Confucian classics,history and politics of the “Tri-Su's” was highly valued by the literary selections during 1127-1297,a crucial period of prose classicization in Northern Song Dynasty.The joint name of the “Tri-Su's”in the system of classicization also contains the elements of the Su's characteristic studies.The substantial value of Su Xun and Su Zhe's proses obviously relies on their academic values.Meanwhile,as the origin of the Su's characteristic studies,the contemporaneous intellectual elites defined Su Xun's prose as a kind of comprehensive classics with multiple ideas,different writing skills and various personal styles.The internal thoughts of Su Zhe's essays about historical events are constantly welcomed.Moreover,the Confucius scholars highly regarded Su Zhe's thoughts that was in accordance with the orthodoxy Confucianism.

The three classical texts of explanation to Chunqiu had different explanations about “Huigongzhongzi”,which focused on the identity of Zhongzi.Zuozhuan recognized her as the mother of Huangong who without death received funeral gifts,which reflected the thoughts of “admonishment”.Gongyang identitied Zhongzi as the mother of HuanGong and highlighted the concept of “Yinweihuanli” which revealed the concept of kingship by “Liziyigui” and “Qinqin”, “Zunzun”.Guliang identitied Zhongzi as the mother of Huigong and criticized both Yingong and Huangong for “Zaodao” through “Zunzun” of “Qinqin”.Although the debating on Zhongzi's identity was not eventually resolved due to the differences in the three characters,it is consistent with the related interpretations and the main values.Moreover,it continues its negotiating in meaning in terms of kinship and region,the family and the state.

Innovation is the main driving force to promote long-term development of enterprises.In the context of innovation-driven development in China,it is of great significance to explore whether service industry FDI promotes service enterprise innovation.By matching service firm data of the China's second economic census in 2008 and patent micro-data,the 64436 service firm data samples are obtained.With firm patent number as proxy of firm innovation and distance between firm and the coastline as Instrument Variable,the researchers analyze the effect of service FDI on service firms' innovation and the underlying mechanism.The results demonstrate that FDI mainly promots innovation performance of Chinese service firms through the learning effect and the competition effect.From the perspective of the source heterogeneity of FDI,the FDI from Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan with the non-technology advantage promotes the firm innovation mainly through the learning effect and the competition effect,while the FDI from western countries with the technology advantage mainly inhibits the firm innovation through the competitive effect.From the perspective of institutional heterogeneity of region in China,in the region with higher level of marketization and to intellectual property protection,innovation spillover effect of FDI is more significant.Therefore,gradual opening of FDI in service industry from Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan to the western countries and enhancing the competitiveness and absorptive capacity of service enterprises are to reduce the competition from external environment and increase the learning effect for the positive effect of FDI on firm innovation.In addition,speeding up regional marketization and improving regional intellectual property protection would enhance innovation spillover effect of service FDI.

In recent years,China's intermediate goods trade and final product trade developed rapidly along with the implementation of a series of policies on the liberalization of trade in intermediate goods,such as reducing intermediate inputs tariff and regulatory barriers.Therefore,how trade liberalization affects the export behavior of firms has become an urgent issue to discuss.This paper studies the effect of trade liberalization of intermediate inputs on the entry and the exit of firm's export relationships using Chinese firm-level data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC) and Chinese customs data over the period of 2000—2006.The study shows that trade liberalization of intermediate inputs promotes the entry of export relationships and inhibits the exit of export relationships.The impact of trade liberalization varies with TFP,the share of processing trade,the enterprise's ownership as well as industry factor intensity and industry competition level.The results exhibit that when the TFP and processing trade share are higher,the enterprise ownership is foreign-funded,the firm belongs to the capital(technology) intensive industries or the less competitive industries,and the declining of import intermediate goods tariff will have a stronger impact on the entry and the exit of export-relations.The empirical test of the impact mechanism shows that the liberalization of trade of intermediate goods will affect the entry and exit of export relationships through the diversification of the imported intermediate inputs,the improvement of the quality of the imported intermediate inputs and the reduction of the price of the imported intermediate inputs.These research results imply that expanding the degree of liberalization of intermediate goods trade is of great significance to promote the development of Chinese firm's export trade and enhance their international competitiveness.