The setting of subjects in the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE)in China have been adjusted several times since reform and opening up;however,it hasn't reached the anticipated effect,and insead it has caused some confusions in educational idea and practice.In order to guarantee the quality of high school education,promote the all-round development of students,and ensure that the courses are fully,completely,and well conducted,all subjects in the national curriculum should be included in the NCEE,and all students should take part in the examination of all subjects;thus universities could enroll students independently by combining their performances in selected subjects and setting weights to scores according to the needs of professional training aims.The system featured with general examination of all subjects,full participation and combined admission,is inevitably an requirement to guarantee the social and educational equity as well as the educational quality in the new era,maintain the authority of national curriculum,promote the implementation of education focusing on comprehensive development,monitor the quality of national basic education and ensure the quality of college enrollment.In the meanwhile,the new idea of the NCEE subject reform can be feasibly guaranteed by the historical accumulation in social and cultural psychology,the control of students' academic burden,the support of examination theory and technology,the adjustment of college admission methods,and the combination of international experience and local practice.Therefore,this new idea can be considered as the educational path of realizing social equity and the important guarantee of social justice.

The new round of reform in the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE)is featured with the setting of optional subjects,which has attracted wide attention from the public.This paper reviews the relevant reform policies,analyzes the advantages of the NCEE reform policy,and discusses the problems and challenges in the calculation and synthesis of the scores of the selected subjects from various aspects,including the utilization of qualification test score,the conversion of level examination score,the comparability of level examination score,score scaling of “more than one test per year” and score summation.By taking references from psychometric theories and the international experience of the US,the UK,France,Australia and other countries,the researchers suggest that the score summation and calculation of the NCEE subjects can be improved by scaling the examinees' ability level,and optimizing the score summation method and enrollment scheme.To be precise,it is advisable to set up universal scale for capability level to predict the overall score distribution of subjects in the level examination by consulting their scores in the qualification examination,and to correct the level examination results by consulting the scores of compulsory subjects in the NCEE.Meanwhile,it is also suggested to calculate the total score by setting weights to optional subject scores and enroll students by the “continuous fence” principle in order to realize the aim of optimizing the score summation method and enrollment scheme.

Preventing the intergenerational transmission of poverty is a new challenge faced by China's poverty relief work in the new era.Previous research paid more attention to the adverse impact of poverty on individual development and ignored the potential role of children's subjective perceptions and beliefs about poverty in the cycle of poverty.Based on the implicit theory,the poverty mindset contains a series of concepts and cognitive models related to poverty constructed in children's interaction with their surroundings or others.By emphasizing the important value of individual initiative and subjectivity in coping with poverty,the study of poverty mindset has provoked new ideas for education to poverty relief.In the current research,children's mindset on poverty mainly include poverty reasoning (children's discrimination of the rich and the poor and the inference of individual qualities and behaviors based on it)and poverty attribution (children's understanding of the causes for the differences between the rich and the poor).Individual differences in poverty mindset have certain effects on children's behavior and performance in terms of fair distribution and cognitive ability.However,the individual's mindset on poverty is cultivatable by some indirect methods,which help improve the behavioral performance of poor children.Future researches need to expand the content of the poverty mindset,investigate other possible impacts,pay attention to the development mechanism and group differences,and finally provide scientific basis for effective educational intervention programs.

In the crucial stage of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-around way,it is of great significance to pay attention to the subjective well-being of rural adolescents and analyze the relevant factors and mechanisms to improve their subjective well-being.In this research,1274 participants of the 7th and 8th grade were recruited from four middle schools in rural areas in Guizhou Province,China.By using two-wave longitudinal data with an interval of 6 months,the current study examined the cumulative impact of protective factors and risk factors on rural adolescents' subjective well-being.The results of the study are listed as follows.First,half of rural adolescents have low levels of protective factors and are at moderate degree of risk factors.Second,protective factors and risk factors both have significant cumulative effects on the indexes of the current subjective well-being of the rural adolescents.It is noteworthy that the effect of the cumulative protective factors is displayed in a nonlinear pattern,while the risk factors in a linear pattern.Third,protective factors and risk factors have significant cumulative effects on the indexes of the subjective well-being of the rural adolescents after the 6-month period and both are displayed in a linear pattern.The above results suggest that the cumulative effect of multiple factors should be emphasized in the intervention to improve the subjective well-being of rural adolescents,which requires the attention to and alleviation of the multiple stress risks faced by individuals,as well as that to constructing resources for active development in multiple fields.In addition,the results also show that constructing protective resources has a more rapid effect on improving the current well-being than reducing the risk of stress,indicating that the key to effective improvement of the rural adolescents' well-being is to construct a positive resource support system in a timely manner.

In the study of ancient tones based on the rhymes in The Book of Songs,the following four points need to be clarified.First,rhyming of the sentences in The Book of Songs can be divided into sentences to be rhymed (must-rhymed) and sentences not obliged to be rhymed (possibly-rhymed).The former requires more strict rhyming than the latter,so the situation of tones of must-rhymed sentences is more accurate to reflect the reality of ancient Chinese tones.Second,some sentences in The Book of Songs rhymed with the same final and tone,while others rhymed with the same final but different tones.Those rhymed sentences with different tones could be intentional change of rhyming by the poet to fit into some rhyming patterns,which should be considered as rhyming on separated tones.Third,a character could have several tones.Under the corresponding principle of sound and meaning,it is necessary to determine the right tone of a rhyme in poems according to its meanings or grammatical functions. Forth,in The Book of Songs,the rhyming with different tones or different codas differentiate from each other,and should be counted separately.Based on the above principles,this paper discovered some new patterns and examples of rhyming,which proves that tones can be detected according to their meanings.To analyze the rhymes of The Book of Songs,the researcher built a database including 305 poems,1133 rhymed paragraphs,1696 rhymed sections and 5308 rhymed sentences and acquired the following data by computer statistic.In 4548 must-rhymed sentences,183 sentences have different tones in a rhymed section,only 4.02%.The percentage of the mixed tones is Pingsheng 2.27%,Shangsheng 5.42%,Qusheng 16.71%,and Rusheng 1.44%.The mixed rhyming percentage of Yinsheng,Yangsheng,Rusheng is 5.88%,3.29%,and 1.44% respectively.In the Yangsheng rhyme,the mixed proportion of tones is Pingsheng 1.26%,Shangsheng 15.05%,and Qusheng 17.86%.Qusheng in Yinsheng rhymes as well as Shangsheng and Qusheng in Yangsheng rhymes in The Book of Songs may be in their later developing stage of the four-tone system in ancient Chinese.

There is a relatively fixed correspondence between Chinese characters and words,and one change affects the other.A similar interaction exists between vocabulary grammaticalization and character evolution in Chinese,and the influence of vocabulary grammaticalization on the change of Chinese characters are illustrated in the following aspects:first,the semantic components of Chinese characters become redundant gradually with the recession of lexical meaning,leading to the phenomena of reduction and sonification;second,the reinforcement of grammatical meaning breeds specially-used Chinese characters with the function of distinguishing words;third,Chinese characters used to record certain words can be replaced and adjusted under the influence of sonification.On the other hand,the evolution of Chinese characters can either promote or hinder vocabulary grammaticalization,including accelerating the reduction of word meanings and pronunciations,promoting the derivation of new words and meanings,highlighting and solidifying the grammaticalization function,and leading to reverse lexicalization,etc.The evolution of Chinese characters may cover the truth of vocabulary grammaticalization,which brings interference to the study of text interpretation and grammaticalization.Therefore,attention should be paid to the evolution of Chinese characters when issues of the vocabulary grammaticalization are studied.

The validity of textual research refers to whether the process of textual analysis can effectively achieve the research objectives.Through the research practice in the Qing Dynasty (1644 C.D.-1912 C.D.),we can see many factors affecting the validity of textual research:doubt is the motivation of textual research,which is related to the research value;presupposed accuracy affects the direction of textual research;accuracy,appropriateness and adequacy of evidence collection affect the accuracy and thoroughness of the results;interpretation and communication of evidence and conclusions provide possibilities and feasibility expenses for the results;the integrity of the textual research structure affects the credibility of conclusions.By fully absorbing the historical experience,we can improve the validity of the textual research.

When the Roman plebs claimed for the consulship for the first time in 445 B.C.,the patrician senate rejected the proposal on the ground that “the plebs did not have auspicia”(nemo plebeius auspicia haberet).That was an archaic and important ideological evidence,which revealed the nature of Roman theocracy,that auspicia was crucial to the destiny of the state,and it was also the basis of the aristocracy's power monopoly.Whoever obtained the auspicia would obtain the right to govern.The connotation of auspicia developed from its original meaning,the “bird divination”,to “the right of taking auspices”,which was closely integrated with the ruling power,and thus transferred from the religious context to the political sphere.As it basically meant “a god's will”,this reminds us of the “Tian Ming”(天命)in China's political tradition.The idea of Tian Ming formed in the Yin and Shang Dynasty (1600 B.C.to 1100 B.C.),and the sacred kingship in China's political tradition are very similar to that of the theocratic political environment of ancient Rome.Thus the dispute on auspicia between the Roman plebs and the patrician can be translated as that of a “Tian Ming” dispute.According to Livy (Titus Livius),there were three controversies between the plebs and the patrician on auspicia,which took place in 445 B.C.,367 B.C.,and 300 B.C.After the first two controversies,the plebs successively obtained the right to intermarriage with the patrician and access to the consulship;however,the first group of plebeian magistrates were defective in power,because of lacking of auspicia (ne in magistratibus quidem habent).They had only military commanding right (potestates) yet not governing right (imperium),and they could not hold religious rites or ceremonies such as election,declaration of war,convening of citizen assemblies,and purification rite.They were rarely allowed to hold a triumphant ceremony,and were often forced to resign on an excuse of religious defects.The fundamental obstacle to obtain the auspicia was religious isolation.The plebs had their own religion (regliones plebeii) as well as Tian Ming (auspicia plebeii),which were not be recognized by the patrician.Auspicia was actually related the worship for Jupiter,divination and wedding ceremony.Jupiter was originally seen as the god only blessing the patrician and was unavailable to the plebs to worship,but the plebs had long imitated the aristocratic worship for Jupiter.By intermarriage with the nobles,the descendants of the plebs became the descendants of Jupiter and possessed “god's bless”;above all,the plebeian priests,diviners,and prophets gradually entered the public sphere and gradually gained religious identification from the patrician.Thus the Tian Ming or auspicia was transferred from the hands of the patrician to the plebs.

The Pentagon Papers (officially titled Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force)and the following Pentagon Papers Case relating to the Vietnam War (1955—1975)are the issues that fundamentally influenced the American politics in the 1970s.Referring to first-hand materials of official documents and personal memoirs,the public knew about the changing attitudes that former American Secretary of Defense Robert S.McNamara took from optimistic foreseeing to the disillusionment,and eventually back to reposition,which pushed him to deicide to summarize historical documents about the U.S.'s involvement in Vietnam so as to reevaluate the military actions in the Vietnam War.This finally led to the collection of the Pentagon Papers.Former United States military analyst Daniel Ellsberg also experienced a process from support to disillusionment to eventual rethinking.In order to stop the U.S.administration from further action in Vietnam,he released the Pentagon documents to the press,causing the Pentagon Papers Case.The final trial of the case made the papers available to the public,and thus they became the proof and confession of the injustice of the Vietnam War.The Pentagon Papers exposed the inside information of American policy-making on the Vietnam War,and also revealed that American War in Vietnam was immoral and dirty,which provides indispensable sources for the research on the Cold War and the international relationship history.In addition,the Pentagon Papers Case have its legal significance,invoked by lots of cases in the U.S.

The “writing style of Chunqiu (The Spring and Autumn Annals)” is usually regarded as the evaluation standard set up by Confucius,an embodiment of the subjective consciousness of historical writing.However,there are two aspects reflected in the writing of Chunqiu.One is to reflect the objective history,that is,the historical events that had taken place.The other is to reflect the subjective consciousness,that is,the writer's subjective judgment.The historical text is the combination of the subject (the writer)and the object (recorded historical events),and there is a tension between those two aspects.The record of historical events in Chunqiu is the result of writer's judgment.The judgment of historian (Confucius in this case)can be divided into two levels.One is the confirmation of historical facts,which means the historical events must first be subjectively analyzed and judged by the historian,but the historians' recognition is inevitably influenced by the cultural tradition,so their understanding of objective truth could not exceed the meaning system of the historical period.The other is the writing rules of the historian,which means the facts analyzed and confirmed by the historians should be expressed in appropriate words.This is also objectified as the writing style of Chunqiu in the long-term historical tradition,which is an objective embodiment of the historical concept in that period.It was solidified and strengthened in the mutual recognition among the historians,which provided the condition for the existence of historical reality.The historians paid less attention to the objective authenticity of historical records in the writing of Chunqiu,but tried to better represent the truth of history in their minds by highlighting their own subjectivity.This subjective consciousness comes from and is limited by the historical tradition,which reflects the objective rationality of that historical period.Therefore,the writing style of Chunqiu is a special way to record the truth of objective history.

Exploring the relationship between the number of Tian,man and politics in DONG Zhongshu's theory from the dimension of numbers help to establish a new way and paradigm for the study of DONG's philosophy,to probe the development direction and level of Confucianism in the early Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.—24 A.D.),and to reassess the value and historical status of DONG's philosophy.Following the path of exploring causes,narrating knowledges and clarifying changes,the theoretical framework and value orientation of the DONG Zhongshu's philosophy of number are restored and reconstructed from the perspective of hermeneutics.His philosophy is based on the internal relationship of “man” and “politics” unified in the “the number of Tian”.The relationships of “Tian and man” and “Tian and politics” is established by DONG on the basis of numbers and comparing numbers,so they should not be interpreted only from the perspective of religious beliefs and political theology,as in DONG's theory embeds the theoretical motivation of seeking moral rationality and institutional rationality for “man” and “politics” by borrowing natural rationality through comparing with the number of Tian.In DONG Zhongshu's perspective,the number of Tian is the origin being that runs through “man” and “politics”,and is the value origin of human virtue and political rationality.From the mysterious concept Tian to the digital concept Tian,the emergence of “the number of Tian” has made the universe,the ethics and the political system in order.From the number of Tian to the number of body,the virtue of the number of Tian gradually appeared.From the number of Tian to the number of political system,the value of the number of Tian gradually expanded.Under the number of Tian,body and political structure acquire the basis and vitality of existence,as well as moral and institutional rationality.Because of the similar number system among Tian,man and politics,the number of Tian link up man and politics,then unity of Tian and man and unity of Tian and politics have a possibility,and the value of human and politics can be gradually expanded.

Karl Marx's ethical thought,embodied in his views on the purpose of labor,the highest good in life and the measure of social progress,is featured with perfectionism and he points out that human labors exist for two purposes:to satisfy the needs of existence and to realize the essential power,and the realization of the essential power is the super-utilitarian purpose which is higher than the purpose of satisfying the needs of existence.Marx believes that the most important thing for human is self-development,and that the self-perfection and self-realization are the highest goodness in life.They are the good in the sense of perfectionism,and this concept of good is also included in Aristotle's thoughts on perfectionism.Marx regards the free and comprehensive development of individual as the perfection standard of the society,and uses this standard to measure and evaluate the good and evil of each society.The theoretical basis of Marx's criticism of the capitalist system is not a theory of justice,but the perfectionism about the pursuit of human's development.

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri emphasized the productive dimension of Paul-Michel Foucault's theory of biopolitics,linked it with Marxist theory of social production,especially immaterial labor theory of Italian autonomy Marxist,and studied the immaterial labor theory from the perspective of biopolitics,thus forming the theory of biopolitical production.Biopolitical production is mainly manifested in the form of immaterial labor,which not only produces goods,but also produces subjects and social relations.The problem of subjects is the key node that connects biopolitics and immaterial labor.It is based on the thinking on the problem of subjects that Hardt and Negri put forward the theory of biopolitical production on the basis of the biopolitics theory and the immaterial labor theory.Through the research of the new form of production,that is,immaterial labor or biopolitical production,Hardt and Negri try to find a new revolutionary subject and reconstruct a different path from Marx to realize communism.However,from the most fundamental principles and methods of the argument,their theory of biopolitical production still belongs to the category of historical materialism.

Facing the opportunities brought about by the fourth industrial revolution with digitalization and intelligentization as the core content,China needs to promote the deep integration of the Internet,big data,artificial intelligence and the real economy.It is helpful to reveal the internal mechanism of the transformation and the upgrading of traditional industries promoted by the digital technology,which could provide a theoretical basis for the development of digital technology and the formulation of industrial and economic policies in China.With the rise of digital economy,consumers,as a party of value demand,can actively participate in production activities and influence the form of value supply,and their power in the market has been enhanced.Either in technological innovation or in industrial transformation and upgrading,only by taking the improvement of consumer value as the fundamental goal and giving full play to consumer's role in promoting technological upgrading and commodity production,can the industrial competitiveness be fundamentally and comprehensively improved.For consumers,obtaining the use value is the ultimate purpose of purchasing goods.Compared with traditional industrial technology,digital technology obviously has more advantages in providing use value for consumers,and therefore,the digital transformation of traditional industries is conducive to improving the efficiency of providing use value to consumers.To promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries,China should make efforts in the following four aspects:adopting an inclusive and prudent attitude and creating a favorable institutional environment,continuously strengthening the industrial base and developing the industrial Internet,introducing unified technical standards and taking an active part in global digital governance,and focusing on digital education for consumers.

Nowadays,various “myths” about depression are constructed by media,including a wide-spread view that depression is seen as a kind of “disease of genius” and intellectuals are more likely to get depressed;however,there are few empirical researches on that relationship.Based on the data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS),this article examines the effect of education on adults' depressive emotions by controlling family backgrounds and individuals' health endowments,and the results are listed as below.First,education posts a significant impact on depression,and this relationship is not simply linear and there is an upper limit of “health benefits”.The results show a U-shaped effect on depression level as education level increases,which declines first and then rises.The threshold is whether an individual accepts tertiary education.Those adults with the degree of master or above are more likely to get depressed.Second,education has an “age effect” on depression and shows distinct modes and features within individual's life cycle.With the increase of age,the depression level of those intellectuals will get lower.Third,further investigation shows that education can decrease individual's depression level by improving one's health and cognitive ability and promoting one's social-economic status.In China,the “socialization function” plays a dominant role,which means that education improves the mental health level mainly by improving one's cognitive and self-management ability.All these conclusions imply that besides regular school education,the government can also cooperate with enterprises,public institutions and social organizations to strengthen the publicity and education on health for citizens so as to improve people's health cognitive ability and develop good exercise habits.