Since the reform and opening- up, comparative education has been facing controversies in the process of develop-ment,which focuses on its disciplinary nature, research purpose,research method , and disciplinary value. Therefore,it is im-portant to explore its intrinsic logic and value in the new era based on the re discussion of some controversial issues. Conclu-sions can be obtained via factual analysis and theoretical inquiry on these issues : comparative education is an uprising disci-pline of great potential; experience reference and rule exploration, which are complementary to each other serving as aims and conditions ,are the emphasis at different developing stages of the discipline; comparative education has formed a diversified research method system by the researchers' efforts since the discipline was established; in the globalization, comparative edu-cation wins new opportunities for further advancement rather than lose its disciplinary value.

The returns to education is a measure of the economic returns that individuals get from their investment in education.China is in the historical period of rapid development and deepening transformation and reform in economy and education.Precise estimations of the returns to education and its changing trend as well as their differences among groups are important for the accumulation of human capital,the formulation of education policies and income distribution policies,the marketization process of labor market,and the optimization of personal education decisions.Based on an investigation on the Chinese journal literatures,this paper presents a meta-analysis on the returns to education in China,which reveals that the meta-regressions show obvious heterogeneity between the studies in estimating the returns to education and higher education:(1) the returns to education developed at a decreasing rate between 1988 to 2013,while the returns to higher education increased before 2005 and decreased after that; (2) the returns to education are higher in urban areas than in rural areas,and higher for the female than the male; (3) the returns to education are higher in studies that use instrumental variables methods; (4) the returns to education are different from estimations based on different databases.The significant publication bias is also found,which means that studies with higher statistical significance are more likely to be published.Some agendas are put forward for the future research on the returns to education: improve the researching and estimating methods to conduct more accurate estimation of the causal effect of education on income,explore the trend of the returns to education after 2012,continue to focus on urban-rural difference and gender difference in the returns to education,and conduct more researches on the returns to educational quality.

In the context of the universal two-child policy,it is of great significance to pay attention to the family environment,social adaptation and its associations of the one-child family and the two-child family,which could help improve the family environment and promote the growing of children in different types of families.Cluster sampling was used to investigate 2,523 one-child families and 3,099 two-child families in 6 cities,and the results showed that:(1) the family adaptability and positive parenting in the one-child family were significantly higher,and the social adaptation of children in the one-child family was significantly lower; (2) positive parenting played a mediating role between family environment and social adaptation of children; (3) the mediating effect of positive parenting in the one-child family was significantly higher than that in the two-child family,that is,children in the one-child family are more likely to be affected by the mediating effect of positive parenting.

Complex problem solving (CPS)refers to efficient interaction between an individual and a dynamic task.With an increase of non-routine work in modern society,CPS competency has become one of the core abilities required by the future world.Based on the two-dimensional construct of CPS including knowledge acquisition and knowledge application,researchers have developed Computer Simulated Microworlds and Multiple Complex Systems to measure CPS of an individual.Extant studies have revealed that some factors contribute a lot to CPS,including cognitive ability,knowledge,metacognitive ability,motivation,and emotion.Training in CPS should aim at the development of these cognitive and non-cognitive abilities,and provide students with general problem situations for gaining and applying general problem-solving knowledge.Teachers should acquire more theoretical knowledge and skills for CPS-based teaching and design teaching activities to solve real-life problems.Meanwhile,the development of CPS ability also deserves more attention to the role of non-cognitive factors.Based on the needs of training practice,researchers should examine the construct of CPS,improve its measures,and attach more importance to intervention in future studies.

Children's Disruptive Behavior,including Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)and Conduct Disorder (CD),are common and serious but transformable behaviors among children.The main characteristics are frequent resistance,hostility and aggressive behaviors,etc.According to the continued Disruptive Behavior of children,the illegal and criminal behaviors of adolescence and even their negatively affected subsequent growth can be significantly predicted.The existing research shows that the main causes of Children'sDisruptive Behavior include improper parental discipline,children's cognitive acceptance deviation and bad peers,etc.The targeted Evidence-based Psychosocial Treatments (EBTs) mainly include: (1)A series of Parent Management Training (PMT)programs based on Social Interaction Learning (SIL),focusing on inappropriate parenting methods and poor family relationships;(2)Children's intervention programs based on Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT),which mainly focus on children's cognitive and behavioral development (e.g.emotional control,stress management,peer interaction,and problem solving,etc.);(3)Multisystemic Therapy (MST)which is guided by Ecological Theory (ET),tending to the comprehensive effect of multiple intervention methods.In recent years,many countries have incorporated them in the prevention and treatment strategies for adolescent mental and behavioral health.These studies and practices provide the useful reference for China to actively carry out evidence-based interventions,improve the professional level of family education and guidance,and prevent and reduce the occurrence and development of children's Disruptive Behavior.

Since the May Fourth Movement,“human literature” has become the fundamental theme of the Chinese new literature,which advocates personality,liberation and freedom of human as well as the enlightenment value of literature.However,how to understand this proposition fully and accurately remains an issue that scholars of the Chinese literature have never stopped thinking about for a hundred years.As a matter of fact,advocating “human literature” does not mean abandoning the literary responsibility and mission accumulated in thousands of years of the Chinese literary tradition; it cannot be divorced from the interactive relationship with the literature of the times; moreover,it does not weaken the essential connection between “human literature” and literature of all mankind.Either in the rise of the May Fourth New Literature or in the current global epidemic context,it has been fully proved that humanity,contemporaneity and humanity interact and coexist in the Chinese literature.

The keynote of the relationship between LU Xun and HU Shi is “harmony”,which is reflected in their mutual positive affirmative comments.LU Xun fully affirmed Hu Shi's contribution to the literary revolution,his research on literature,and diary.HU Shi highly praised LU Xun's writing achievements,early essay writing,and his research on novel history.The “harmony” of LU Xun and HU Shi is the unify on the modern cultural concept,and their “difference” happens under this big environment.The “difference” is mainly about their specific culture methods and strategies.The “harmony but not sameness” between LU Xun and HU Shi proves awakened of "real people".After establishing the modern cultural concept,their human subjectivity was truly established.This ensured the May Fourth New Literature in the area of "Post May Fourth Movement" is not fixed in one but follow a different healthy path.The historical value is significant and can not be underestimated.

HUANG Yaomian's novels including Mr.Chen Guorui's Group and other works are regarded as masterpieces of satire literature during the Anti-Japanese War,but the novels he created during the period of the Creation Society have been neglected for a long time.In these works,the contents and themes of the short stories Poison Flame,Professor A's Family, Worker's House as well as the novella Distressed! and A Woman's Diary are all imprinted with the author's life experience,revolutionary belief and literary claim at that time.Meanwhile,they are undoubtedly consistent with JIANG Guangci's “revolutionary literature” in terms of theme selection,plot mode and theme sublimation.But they are quite different from JIANG's revolutionary novels in writing major events and expressing the motive force of the revolution,which were not favored by readers at the time.However,the exploring and practices on the subject matter,character portrayal,irony and critical consciousness of these novels have run through the former and later periods of HUANG Yaomian's novel creation and helped to achieve the overall characteristics of critical realism.

The newly published Bronzes Zhoujin Pan and Zhoujin Ying are considered as a set of funeral vessels with the same inscriptions and their explanations should be further discussed.“丧厥胡考,不敢视厥身” (Sàng jué hú kǎo,bù gǎn shì jué shēn) in the inscription is difficult to understand,and its meaning could be speculated as “Zhoujin didn’t dare to look at his passed father's body” according to some supporting materials.Connected with the record in the chapter entitled with “Shi Sang Li” (the Funeral Ritual of Shi) of Yi Li,it can be speculated that Zhoujin Pan was the Yi Pan,used in the funeral as the vessel to store corpse bathwater as well as to contain ice to keep it from decay.This connection is noticeable for a better understanding of the ritual issue of Yi Pan in the chapter “Shi Sang Li”.

The chapter entitled with “The 24th Year of Duke Xi” in Zuo zhuan recorded a historical incident that Prince Zang,the son of the Duke Wen of the Zheng State,was killed by his father for his “Hao Ju Yu Guan” (indulgence in collecting high-rank hats).LIU Xiang,ZHENG Xuan and other scholars advocating the traditional ritual considered “Yu Guan” to be an inappropriate costume,and Prince Zang was killed by violating the ritual.But YAN Shigu of the Tang Dynasty offered a different viewpoint by interpreting “Hao Ju Yu Guan” as “getting people who know astronomy together and trying to conspire something”,the real reason for the incident.The different understandings of “Hao Ju Yu Guan” cause the different historical interpretations.However,they all accepted the rationality of Tso Chuan's historical narrative,which is the combination of narration and analysis with the distinctive feature of taking rituals as priority.Prince Zang's death for violating ritual should be viewed as the historical research of Zuo zhuan's author,but not as the objective record of history.Regarding the historical background of Duke Wen of the Zheng State's killing and exiling his sons,the real cause should be the political conflict between father and sons,and “Hao Ju Yu Guan” is an excuse only.

Some Japanese scholars have kept denying that the Japanese army had stepwisely planned and prepared for launching the all-around aggression war against China,but the concrete facts prove that the Japanese army made plans and preparations to seize Peiping & Tientsin area and started the war.Kiyonao Ichiki,the captain of the Japanese army,used to announce proudly that he was the one to bring the July 7th Incident into being.On July 11th of 1937,the Japanese government decided to take the chance to beat China,and the Japanese navy and air force made the operation plans.By July 25th,Japanese army had finished the plan and preparations.On July 31st,the Peiping & Tientsin area was captured and the launch of war was completed.At the beginning of this period,the Japanese army attacked the locations with clear strategies.In the beginning phase,they focused on Lukouchiao,Wanpinghsien and the neighboring locations to cut off the communication of Peiping with outsides.In the middle phase,they lashed against the gates of Peiping and continued to attack the strategic locations and Nanyuan to besiege the city of Peiping.At the later phase,they launched the general offensive on Peiping and Tientsin.At the same time,the Japanese army made use of the so-called negotiation to gain about 20 days to distribute enough army to the North China.The 29th Legion of the Chinese Army was tricked to believe the possibility that the Japanese army could concede and settle the incident.By this way,Japanese army made stepwise plans and preparations to launch the all-around aggression war against China,which could be proved by their attack on the strategic locations and the starting of general aggression.But the Japanese army despicably acclaimed that it was because of “illegitimate action” of the 29th Legion of the Chinese Army that they had no choice but sending the army to the North China,and declared it was justifiable for them to launch the all-around aggression because the 29th Legion was not “sincere” and the national government not “introspective”.

Based on his study of comparative philosophy between ancient China and the West,Prof.LIU Jiahe set forth an argument that historical reason played a dominant role in Chinese thoughts,while logical reason occupied a leading position in Western thoughts.Those differences must have come from a number of ways.This article tries to offer a solution pertaining to the causes of such differences by placing historical reason against the background of Chinese metaphysics to decern if there are tangible similarities.If so,then metaphysical framework could be identified as one of the factors responsible for the rise of historical reason in China.This article has relied on the prominent features of Chinese metaphysics studied and outlined by Sinologists in modern Western academic circles.There are at least three characteristics,namely,immanent,holistic,and transcending the present.It is discovered that all three metaphysical features found their way into historical reason,which indicates that historical reason is by no means formed randomly.To support this argument,this article brings the reader's attention to the relative lacking of historical reason in Western metaphysical philosophy,which priorities logical reason.In conclusion,four features of Chinese historical reason are identified as follows.1)History is always in a flux of changes,in which present factors alternate with absent factors.Since alternation is constant,the idea of change and constancy becomes dialectical.2)The cause of changes in history lies in the fact that the cosmological nature is being changing,and it is natural to see history is in a flux of changes,since human beings are part of the cosmos.3)Historical reason carries with it a strong unitarian purpose:stability in social as well as natural order.4)Historical reason can be identified in the whole academic circles rather than held by a few.

The statecraft theory system typified by the Sorai School,initiated during mid and late Edo Period in Japan,is established by Ogyu Sorai and his disciples.Its principle of “discarding all the annotations by Confucianists in the Song Dynasty” is based on the demand of development of Japanese society.With its theory origin from the pragmaticism of the pre-Qin period of China,it methodologically reflected the practical rationality in transferring human nature to human sentiment,benevolence theory to ritual theory,and nature-oriented theory to human-oriented theory,and carried out in a process from imagination to identifying,from value judgement to fact judgment,from inherent standards to external standards,and from natural to artificial.As a lasting influential philosophy,it had converted Tao to Technique,which helped Japanese academic achieved the theoretical transformation from Daoli to Wuli,from early modern to modern times,accumulated endogenous ideological resources for the successful practice of Meiji period,and provided references for other Asian countries.However,the postmodern confusion pushed the thinking of the first philosophy to the stage and the outlook of ontology and methodology as well as unification of appearance and nature manifested may be given an overall meaning.

The thought of Han Feizi is constantly assumed as “harsh and ungrateful”:he identified the relationship of kinsfolk as a matter of interest,treated the losers unconcernedly,and stressed more that people who governed should not be interfered by their private sentiment.The inexorableness of Han Feizi was because he had been aware of the harmful influence of people's private sentiment and interests,so he tried to expel them from the public domain completely.Plato had not only abolished the institution of family and private property but also advocated the communion of women,children and property among the defenders,which could be seen as the completely deny of the family bond,love and friendship.In consensus with Han Feizi's,Plato's inexorableness was to get rid of the damage of private sentiment and interests to social justice.In order to reconstruct justice in a disordered and unjust era,they both emphasized that the public interest was superior to the private interest.Therefore,individuals might be firmly controlled by the state,which inevitably ted to the instrumentalization of individuals.Their thoughts also had some differences,as Han Feizi believed that “the institutions should change along with the times”,so the relation of state and individual could probably change when the state was in perfect conditions,in which the individual was taken as an aim while the state as a tool.Based on the partition of “two worlds” and Idea Theory,Plato considered that the ideal polis should not change,so the relation of state and individual would not change,either.The similarity of their thoughts indicated that,either in China or in the West,people who shared the same mind would give alike solutions to the alike problems of times based on the same human nature,while their differences exhibited the fundamental diversity between ancient China ideology and ancient Greek philosophy.

The prosperity of the works by gifted female poets was witnessed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but they were seldom seen as distinguished,though plenty of female were fond of writing poetry, because their works were usually constrained to the self, and embodied with weakness and humbleness in style. However, XU Can swept away the stereotype of female poets and explored a wide range of subjects, abundant emotion, and grand artistic conception in Zhuo Zheng Yuan Shi Yu and Zhuo Zheng Yuan Shi Ji, two poetry collections named after Zhuo Zheng Yuan (Humble Administrator's Garden), which could be found after comparing the works by XU Can and those of LI Qingzhao and other female poets in her age. In her Shi,she incorporated several feelings of space-time transformation, rise and fall of the regime, and transient changes of the world, while kept to Confucian tradition of tenderness and sincerity. In her Ci, she showed not only graceful and elegant talent but also her life experience and pain of subjugation, which contributed to the diversity and richness of her poetry and made her the representative figure of gifted female poets in the early Qing Dynasty.